https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/about-menu daily 0.75 2025-10-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1572382258026-LHYJBJEZIFYJF6SZ5IST/09_20_13_Campus_Shots_BKraft036.JPG About https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1416424105242-8HUDGN19DVP8BBVN67US/2000_PFarnsworth_AustinHall11.JPG About https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1416424122605-AQZPPO5ZLEUV6VQ3T9WR/2000_PFarnsworth_AustinHall11.JPG About https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1648241340198-464M7RKHYQLW7X0NQW45/GB.jpeg About - Prof. Gabriella Blum Prof. Gabriella Blum https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1648241328977-NKW8HC7GFZ2LRTN3XHRM/Naz%2525252BK.jpg About - Prof. Naz K. Modirzadeh Prof. Naz K. Modirzadeh https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1759350188690-8VT9M8I1MLJW6291ZGAD/2025_09_11_PILAC-Dustin-Lewis_LGranger_007%2B%25284%2529.png About - Dustin A. Lewis Dustin A. Lewis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1759349973884-RTK5YQDTKD82CXB5UQJX/2025_09_25_PILAC-Fellow-Taha-Wiheba_LGranger_004-2.jpg About - Taha Wiheba Taha Wiheba https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/research-menu daily 0.75 2024-06-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1648126304331-793WU5HDS19HV2W2BLL8/09_20_13_Campus_Shots_BKraft092.JPG Research https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1421326642384-B7Y3KL4KVU08B7O78D2M/09_20_13_Campus_Shots_BKraft036.JPG Research https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1458332000029-L55C4CXAGR5OU0TJGU05/040710_HLS_291.jpg Research https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1416412817106-EF9GK395XZH8FF0GW649/040710_HLS_291.jpg Research https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/activities-menu daily 0.75 2024-06-10 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https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1404842044600-86ASB2D0GXASTL0RZKAA/10_10_13_Campus_Shots_BKraft006.JPG Home https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1433525080513-OO9AOQFH4YYMSKB7GS6L/040710_HLS_291.jpg Home https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1648241340198-464M7RKHYQLW7X0NQW45/GB.jpeg Home - Prof. Gabriella Blum Prof. Gabriella Blum https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1648241328977-NKW8HC7GFZ2LRTN3XHRM/Naz%2525252BK.jpg Home - Prof. Naz K. Modirzadeh Prof. Naz K. Modirzadeh https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1759350188690-8VT9M8I1MLJW6291ZGAD/2025_09_11_PILAC-Dustin-Lewis_LGranger_007%2B%25284%2529.png Home - Dustin A. Lewis Dustin A. Lewis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1759349973884-RTK5YQDTKD82CXB5UQJX/2025_09_25_PILAC-Fellow-Taha-Wiheba_LGranger_004-2.jpg Home - Taha Wiheba Taha Wiheba https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/students-menu daily 0.75 2022-10-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1421327101595-V26KZTGQ66P8QC3E19F4/040710_HLS_472.jpg Students https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1404407647735-JMVR3G7BYFMC9N9LYP8F/09_20_13_Campus_Shots_BKraft092.JPG Students https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1416412583752-780QT7MRHJDTHQM8J1UY/09_20_13_Campus_Shots_BKraft092.JPG Students https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/contact-menu daily 0.75 2024-07-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1404407859218-RXSASTLXZSI3B2PLJ6JK/Winter2008_PFarnsworth_68.JPG Contact 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An International Law Assessment of U.S. Uses of Force During the Second Trump Administration - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/responsible-use-of-ai-in-armed-conflict-upholding-respect-for-international-law monthly 0.5 2026-02-09 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/critical-undersea-infrastructure monthly 0.5 2025-10-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/7e05bf1a-0711-4564-8c20-3cf9286b1076/Park+Lecture+Poster+23Oct2025.png Events - Critical Undersea Infrastructure: Its Significance and Legal Challenges - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/2025-trilateral-workshop monthly 0.5 2025-04-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/a1b768b1-ad1a-4da2-8aaf-af225799caf9/Trilateral+Workshop+2025+Poster.png Events - Workshop on Respecting International Law in Armed Conflict: Challenges and Opportunities Concerning Contemporary Approaches and Future Directions - 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Fireside Chat with Kieran R.J. Tinkler https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/fireside-chat-with-alonso-gurmendi-dunkelberg monthly 0.5 2021-04-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1611693389560-ALKDTFANUV3UJNGYC3N2/Fireside+Chat+with+Alonso+Gurmendi+Dunkelberg Events - Fireside Chat with Alonso Gurmendi Dunkelberg https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/international-law-and-the-conduct-of-hostilities-in-outer-space monthly 0.5 2020-04-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1583423059637-ME0PR65L7BNZJM5XQCNX/International+Law+and+the+Conduct+of+Hostilities+in+Outer+Space+%E2%80%94%C2%A0April+2020.png Events - International Law and the Conduct of Hostilities in Outer Space https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1582635315486-W3GE1VW27BG27R109WOY/Squadron+Leader+Kieran+R.J.+Tinkler Events - International Law and the Conduct of Hostilities in Outer Space Squadron Leader Kieran R.J. Tinkler https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/the-international-court-of-justice-case-on-genocide-in-myanmar monthly 0.5 2020-02-13 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/war-and-algorithm-the-end-of-law monthly 0.5 2020-03-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1580759610458-CB4S8W9WZGFVV950XK2D/War+and+Algorithm_+The+End+of+Law Events - War and Algorithm: The End of Law? https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/weaponised-ai-what-are-the-implications monthly 0.5 2020-01-24 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/partnered-warfare-international-law-and-policy-dimensions monthly 0.5 2019-11-08 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/is-palestine-a-state-an-act-in-four-stages-1919-1948-1988-2012 monthly 0.5 2019-11-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1574198433323-K0LXEENPJ2BOGLYX172C/Is+Palestine+a+State%3F Events - Is Palestine a State? 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Lessons from International Law https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/legal-moral-and-military-implications-of-collateral-damage monthly 0.5 2018-04-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1522692355378-I7I91779SHSSGTUTA8SO/LEGAL%2C+MORAL%2C+AND+MILITARY+IMPLICATIONS+OF+%E2%80%9CCOLLATERAL+DAMAGE%E2%80%9D Events - Legal, Moral, and Military Implications of “Collateral Damage” https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/examining-recent-legal-and-policy-developments-at-the-united-nations-security-council-concerning-technology-and-counterterrorism monthly 0.5 2019-04-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1519683838930-6JIW0AZIEESF5QL3XH55/EXAMINING+RECENT+LEGAL+AND+POLICY+DEVELOPMENTS+AT+THE+UNITED+NATIONS+SECURITY+COUNCIL+CONCERNING+TECHNOLOGY+AND+COUNTERTERRORISM.png Events - Examining Recent Legal and Policy Developments at the United Nations Security Council concerning Technology and Counterterrorism https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/just-and-unjust-violence-examining-grounds-for-use-of-force-in-relation-to-non-international-armed-conflicts monthly 0.5 2018-02-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1519046927878-LGEAFU8WQK7MLKSEZGO2/Just+and+Unjust+Violence.png Events - Just and Unjust Violence: Examining Grounds for Use of Force in relation to Non-International Armed Conflicts https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/french-counterterrorism-practices-criminal-and-administrative-avenues-a-talk-by-sharon-weill monthly 0.5 2018-04-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1520869376808-7SVD2MSVGPP6UA2EAQ4I/Sharon+Weill+event Events - French Counterterrorism Practices: Criminal and Administrative Avenues — A Talk by Sharon Weill https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/unreliable-protection-proportionality-in-warfare-put-to-the-test monthly 0.5 2022-04-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1516122380474-UV0JOLV9WS1XCRBT6L55/Unreliable+Protection Events - Unreliable Protection: Proportionality in Warfare Put to the Test https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/autonomous-weapons-systems-what-constraints-under-international-law monthly 0.5 2019-04-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1510061991622-J8EB8K5VOYII5ADVMAWP/Side+Event Events - Autonomous Weapons Systems: What Constraints under International Law? https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/can-international-institutions-rein-in-international-turmoil monthly 0.5 2017-10-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1509047872374-6MO3JV69HGA8ICR6RCJJ/ILC Events - Can International Institutions Rein in International Turmoil?: A Conversation with Professor Georg Nolte https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/the-international-humanitarian-law-conference-netherlands-red-cross monthly 0.5 2017-09-27 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/18th-bruges-colloquium-the-additional-protocols-at-40-achievements-and-challenges monthly 0.5 2017-09-22 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/unga-high-level-side-event-protecting-health-care-in-armed-conflict monthly 0.5 2017-09-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1506027133893-OT20H24BJ0KQHJYIRTKJ/Side+Event Events - U.N.G.A. High-Level Side Event: Protecting Health Care in Armed Conflict https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/international-law-in-practice monthly 0.5 2017-09-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1504268695377-DNTZ3XYC6UMXZAVP0GSD/Int%27l+Law+in+Practice Events - International Law in Practice https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/impact-of-counter-terrorism-measures-on-humanitarian-action monthly 0.5 2017-06-21 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/civilian-protection-in-contemporary-conflicts monthly 0.5 2017-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1487962287546-5OSV4OYS97FUQJ4NHFYY/image-asset.png Events - Civilian Protection in Contemporary Conflicts https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/accountability-for-war-algorithms monthly 0.5 2016-11-29 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/self-defense-in-armed-conflicts-a-presentation-by-dr-gloria-gaggioli monthly 0.5 2016-12-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1479255141318-JO9RD6FV16P2U2ANYC58/Dr.+Gloria+Gaggioli Events - Self-Defense in Armed Conflicts: A Presentation by Dr. Gloria Gaggioli Dr. Gloria Gaggioli https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/challenges-in-national-security-a-conversation-with-mr-robert-taylor-75-principal-deputy-general-counsel-department-of-defense monthly 0.5 2016-11-10 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1478789831181-KCF2GZFY58J88D163PUE/Robert+S.+Taylor Events - Challenges in National Security: A Conversation with Mr. Robert Taylor '75, Principal Deputy General Counsel, Department of Defense Robert S. 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Global Battlefields: The Future of U.S. Detention under International Law https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/phap-expert-ihl-briefing-international-law-at-the-vanishing-point-of-war monthly 0.5 2016-02-03 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/artis-seminar-series-on-political-violence-wartime-medical-care-for-terrorists monthly 0.5 2019-04-23 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/stockton-seminar-series-medical-care-concerning-terrorists-in-armed-conflict monthly 0.5 2019-04-23 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/clausewitzs-on-war-contemporary-relevance monthly 0.5 2015-11-30 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/side-event-on-counterterrorism-measures-and-humanitarian-action monthly 0.5 2015-12-08 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/phap-expert-ihl-briefing-suppressing-foreign-terrorist-fighters-and-supporting-principled-humanitarian-action monthly 0.5 2016-02-04 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/phap-expert-ihl-briefing-medical-care-in-armed-conflict-ihl-and-state-responses-to-terrorism monthly 0.5 2015-10-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1445869354458-J2044DLP9W69G478R0RO/image-asset.png Events - PHAP Expert IHL Briefing - Medical Care in Armed Conflict: IHL and State Responses to Terrorism https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/generating-respect-for-the-law-taking-stock-moving-forward monthly 0.5 2015-11-18 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/introduction-to-pilac monthly 0.5 2015-09-09 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/ihlathon-on-armed-conflicts monthly 0.5 2015-11-11 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/ihlathon-on-extraterritorial-use-of-lethal-force-part-2 monthly 0.5 2015-11-11 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/ihlathon-on-extraterritorial-use-of-lethal-force monthly 0.5 2015-11-11 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/working-group-on-the-use-of-mercenaries-panel-event-on-foreign-fighters monthly 0.5 2015-08-11 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/2015-ecosoc-humanitarian-affairs-segment-counter-terrorism-measures-and-principled-humanitarian-action monthly 0.5 2015-06-17 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/demobilizing-and-disengaging-violent-extremists-practical-experience-from-somalia monthly 0.5 2015-06-04 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/the-law-of-war-above-the-fold monthly 0.5 2015-03-31 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/special-event-international-law-and-armed-conflict-in-dark-times-a-call-for-engagement monthly 0.5 2015-03-13 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/book-talk-on-judicial-review-of-national-security monthly 0.5 2015-03-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1425754258814-7TE07FKRPLVCPWXBJ29R/Judicial+Review+of+National+Security Events - Book Talk on Judicial Review of National Security https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1426505109771-AMZLWRDJYOIOS5E5X8D4/Scharia+-+Judicial+Review+of+National+Security Events - Book Talk on Judicial Review of National Security https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/discussion-with-gabriella-blum-at-the-harvard-book-store monthly 0.5 2015-02-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1424539763910-X4PYWFGG91N9NHD0EW0Z/The+Future+of+Violence Events - Discussion with Gabriella Blum at the Harvard Book Store https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/geneva-2015-special-workshop-on-islamic-law-terrorism-and-counterterrorism monthly 0.5 2015-03-23 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/faculty-book-talk-on-the-future-of-violence monthly 0.5 2015-02-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1423077423989-GCOHE66KC6ID58ADTNEE/The+Future+of+Violence Events - Faculty Book Talk on The Future of Violence Purchase https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/future-of-war-conference monthly 0.5 2015-02-24 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/cyber-operations-and-international-humanitarian-law-fault-lines-and-vectors monthly 0.5 2015-04-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1426504691239-V6QS1NCIZ7Q1PLILUY0L/image-asset.png Events - Cyber Operations and International Humanitarian Law: Fault Lines and Vectors Event Flyer https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/world-humanitarian-summit-special-online-discussion-event-on-the-principle-of-neutrality monthly 0.5 2015-02-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1420635794292-EFBF81RMPL9V8YYQ09HW/image-asset.jpeg Events - World Humanitarian Summit: Special online discussion event on the principle of neutrality https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/2014/11/6/counter-terrorism-laws-what-aid-agencies-need-to-know monthly 0.5 2015-02-04 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/2014/10/14/red-cross-oration-turning-point-or-breaking-point-dilemmas-in-protecting-civilians-through-international-humanitarian-law monthly 0.5 2016-01-25 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/2014/11/24/case-study-prototype-3-part-two-the-national-security-advisor-dilemma monthly 0.5 2015-02-04 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/2014/9/18/case-study-prototype-3-part-one-the-national-security-advisor-dilemma monthly 0.5 2015-02-04 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/2014/11/10/case-study-prototype-2-part-two-the-international-court-of-justice-exercise monthly 0.5 2023-03-20 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/2014/11/3/case-study-prototype-2-part-one-the-international-court-of-justice-exercise monthly 0.5 2015-02-04 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/2014/10/27/case-study-prototype-1-part-two-the-humanitarian-ngo-general-counsel-dilemma monthly 0.5 2015-02-04 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/2014/10/20/case-study-prototype-1-part-one-the-humanitarian-ngo-general-counsel-dilemma monthly 0.5 2015-02-04 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/events/2014/9/16/gaza-international-humanitarian-law-and-human-rights monthly 0.5 2015-02-04 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team daily 0.75 2026-02-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1421173931467-1CUDD8D7CENW5LJZL7EW/IMG_2609.JPG Team https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/allan-rock monthly 0.5 2018-08-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1486152414856-VUWR8NYSJ77O7A1RJJ1D/Allan+Rock Team - Allan Rock (Amb.) Allan Rock, Visiting Scholar, HLS, Spring 2017 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/arnaaz-ameer monthly 0.5 2023-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/19fde75f-fb04-4d87-bcbd-365241f8a69c/Arnaaz+Ameer.jpg Team - Arnaaz Ameer - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/lindsay-bailey monthly 0.5 2019-10-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1537301897521-QXQ7PS11CYRB8L2QO3Z3/image-asset.png Team - Lindsay Bailey Lindsay Bailey, HLS PILAC Research Assistant https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/abhishek-banerjee-shukla monthly 0.5 2018-09-18 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/ryen-bani-hashemi monthly 0.5 2022-08-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/e676bef2-e5de-4867-bd88-4437e0f8a156/Ryen+IMG_5139+2.jpg Team - Ryen Bani-Hashemi - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/emma-broches monthly 0.5 2022-01-25 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/elizabeth-carthy monthly 0.5 2018-08-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1425059966836-FA9O3F54PLSQCC32C39I/Elizabeth+Carey Team - Elizabeth Carthy Elizabeth Carthy, PILAC Research Assistant, Fall 2014–Spring 2015 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/aarushi-nargas monthly 0.5 2023-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/601f8cb1-6854-4d41-83e8-365ad860b230/Aarushi+Nargas.jpg Team - Aarushi Nargas - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/gloria-chang monthly 0.5 2019-10-24 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/carson-cook monthly 0.5 2018-08-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1421874398034-E4F92CWZCGDIBBT2VTB2/image-asset.jpeg Team - Carson Cook Carson Cook, PILAC Research Assistant, Spring 2015 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/lisa-daniels monthly 0.5 2018-08-03 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/claire-dimario monthly 0.5 2018-09-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1421844925606-7VJJYX2QNDBJWX0WW412/image-asset.jpeg Team - Claire DiMario Claire DiMario, PILAC Research Assistant, Spring & Fall 2015 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/bobby-dyke monthly 0.5 2021-09-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1598016109717-3UD71CJEX8N4T57ZICLW/Bobby+Dyke Team - Bobby Dyke Robert (Bobby) Dyke https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/mazelle-etessami monthly 0.5 2022-08-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1598012647196-60SAKW0ZH3IYHFRUQ4RX/Mazelle+Etessami Team - Mazelle Etessami Mazelle Etessami https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/hayley-evans monthly 0.5 2022-10-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1512551842759-3XI3QKY8GWQMX7BGRNQV/Hayley+Evens Team - Hayley Evans Hayley Evans, HLS PILAC Research Assistant https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/mohammad-hamdy monthly 0.5 2018-08-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1435334307039-2FNJ7I80RNFB41M7JO3R/Mohammad+Hamdy Team - Mohammad Hamdy Mohammad Hamdy, PILAC Research Assistant, Spring-Summer 2015 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/hasan-dindjer monthly 0.5 2018-08-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1421505864268-M74VLG6RWGHYJ8J8XX52/image-asset.jpeg Team - Hasan Dindjer Hasan Dindjer, PILAC Research Assistant, Fall 2014 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/molly-doggett monthly 0.5 2022-10-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1485366736015-HCDC4EE7WRSGXCGT7DFS/M.+Doggett Team - Molly Doggett Molly Doggett, PILAC Research Assistant https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/federica-du-pasquier monthly 0.5 2018-08-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1422807838664-RVXRYVMZ7YGPV9L1FGFE/image-asset.jpeg Team - Federica du Pasquier Federica du Pasquier, PILAC Research Assistant, Spring 2015 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/merel-ac-ekelhof monthly 0.5 2018-09-14 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1518212074531-UIXJQSQ8QZ24L639RUW4/Merel+Ekeholf Team - Merel A.C. Ekelhof Merel Ekelhof, Visiting Researcher https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/cyprien-fluzin monthly 0.5 2020-08-21 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/john-garrison monthly 0.5 2024-01-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/f6cc1e9e-2efd-4716-bc27-7d94a3266909/Screen+Shot+2023-10-11+at+11.16.29+AM.jpg Team - John Garrison https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/luca-geary monthly 0.5 2026-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/36242006-ec08-4f60-8007-f74a254e7a99/Luca+Geary.jpg Team - Luca Geary https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/zach-grouev monthly 0.5 2023-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1600117707341-OJBVBCONN3UJFEH3YS74/Zach+Grouev Team - Zach Grouev https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/jiawei-he monthly 0.5 2018-08-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1421759498690-P0TGZG8GPT385WP4TRYY/image-asset.jpeg Team - Jiawei He Jiawei He, Junior Research Fellow, HLS PILAC https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/ben-hines monthly 0.5 2026-01-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/6bc9c73e-138f-4f57-82a9-2e35f95edc22/ben-hines_LRC.jpg Team - Ben Hines https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/jiahui-huang monthly 0.5 2018-08-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1422618115091-MJG96AVBDV7RKKV8TW0V/Jiahui+Huang Team - Jiahui Huang Jiahui Huang, PILAC Research Assistant, Fall 2014 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/thejasa-jayachandran monthly 0.5 2020-08-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1520263200984-9G43OGOXMUZ1LPDHTD1M/Thejasa.jpg Team - Thejasa Jayachandran Thejasa Jayachandran, HLS PILAC Research Assistant https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/simon-jerome monthly 0.5 2023-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1598016696444-90YCH9DOA44PJ3DDSK8L/Simon+Jerome Team - Simon Jerome Simon Jerome https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/luisina-kemanian-leites monthly 0.5 2026-02-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/e1cf862e-a745-4aee-b8a8-6cae69cddc88/LuisinaKemanianLeitesHeadshot.png Team - Luisina Kemanian Leites https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/joshua-kestin monthly 0.5 2018-08-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1467286665681-GJPTW47C5ZP8K75RRA88/image-asset.jpeg Team - Joshua Kestin Joshua Kestin, PILAC Research Assistant https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/katie-king monthly 0.5 2018-08-03 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/yi-seul-kim monthly 0.5 2018-08-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1421173449187-IRSEU5V1AI0ICAB42NG9/Yi+Seul+Kim%2C+PILAC+Research+Assistant Team - Yi Seul Kim Yi Seul Kim, PILAC Research Assistant, Fall 2014–Spring 2015 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/margherita-bruti-liberati monthly 0.5 2026-02-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/a16f3cd2-141c-4f6e-9910-69b3208e2286/Margherita+Bruti+Liberati.jpg Team - Margherita Bruti Liberati https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/samantha-lint monthly 0.5 2026-02-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1519939276032-8ITPZOCCQWK6WR7S65MF/S.+Lint Team - Samantha Lint Samantha Lint, HLS PILAC Research Assistant https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/yang-liu monthly 0.5 2026-02-12 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/lloyd-lyall monthly 0.5 2023-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/82c0db55-5ada-4f26-8bef-a9070d20c0cc/Lloyd.jpg Team - Lloyd Lyall - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/fatima-mehmood monthly 0.5 2025-11-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1571932414161-NUGTIGFDDFVS0L85BFC6/Fatima+Mehmood Team - Fatima Mehmood Fatima Mehmood, HLS PILAC Research Assistant as of Fall 2019 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/chris-mirasola monthly 0.5 2019-10-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1421863078900-ZX67CRE9NGQ678ICNA2G/image-asset.jpeg Team - Chris Mirasola Chris Mirasola, PILAC Research Assistant, 2015–2016 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/lulu-mansour monthly 0.5 2025-11-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/ee2d8d88-6af3-466e-a338-800d7f6997b7/Mansour+Headshot.jpg Team - Lulu Mansour https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/ana-leticia-magini monthly 0.5 2022-01-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1632496830742-VLSAKJQXHBDXX72V5XUS/AnaLeticiaMagini.jpg Team - Ana Leticia Magini Ana Leticia Magini, HLS PILAC Research Assistant https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/ariane-moss monthly 0.5 2019-10-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1446494361880-MKA93CYW1IA6EGETH6P2/Ariane+Moss%2C+PILAC+Research+Assistant%2C+Fall+2015 Team - Ariane Moss Ariane Moss, PILAC Research Assistant, Fall 2015 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/lauren-newby monthly 0.5 2026-01-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/a1b7d1f2-2c1d-46df-8b3d-d4b54e4c1d2a/Lauren+Newby.jpg Team - Lauren Newby https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/will-ossoff monthly 0.5 2022-10-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1572380410939-F6K5SLGX9YQJ9JG9YR57/Ossoff Team - Will Ossoff Will Ossoff, HLS PILAC Research Assistant as of Spring 2019 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/alejandra-parra-orlandoni monthly 0.5 2022-10-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1421187030743-RBGYS7YRRZOIH55LZW50/image-asset.jpeg Team - Alejandra Parra-Orlandoni Alejandra Parra-Orlandoni, PILAC Research Assistant, Spring 2015 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/ji-soo-janet-park monthly 0.5 2023-01-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/2862afd1-1ecb-4790-b50b-bc262dd026ba/Park_Janet.jpg Team - Ji Soo Janet Park - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/danae-paterson monthly 0.5 2022-10-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1421356979320-N0SMSH052LDPLUN3SR4T/image-asset.png Team - Danae Paterson Danae Paterson, PILAC Research Assistant https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/sasha-pippenger monthly 0.5 2021-10-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1449704155549-2T8TDALSJOJVRXRC4NAU/Sasha+Pippenger Team - Sasha Pippenger Sasha Pippenger, PILAC Research Assistant beginning fall 2014 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/helena-placentino monthly 0.5 2023-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/a3a44e47-fcd3-4ad9-a32d-56414a7e60de/PLACENTINO+2.jpg Team - Helena Placentino - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/jillian-quigley monthly 0.5 2022-08-01 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/vaishnav-rajkumar monthly 0.5 2026-02-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/eeef58d4-4bee-496b-b5d4-bdcf491fa745/Vaishnav+Rajkumar.jpg Team - Vaishnav Rajkumar https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/ricardo-cruzat-reyes monthly 0.5 2022-10-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1598018140277-EIGGGST35D35WUV9RPII/Ricardo.png Team - Ricardo Cruzat Reyes Ricardo Cruzat Reyes https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/francesco-romani monthly 0.5 2019-10-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1456354766352-LU9RVQZIJF582WW2G2CJ/Francesco+Romani Team - Francesco Romani Francesco Romani, PILAC Research Assistant https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/ariel-sarandinaki monthly 0.5 2021-09-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1571929919994-EKPUNE774GIPAPZ0JPDP/Ariel4%2B%25281%2529%2Bcropped_bw.jpg Team - Ariel Sarandinaki Ariel Sarandinaki, HLS PILAC Research Assistant as of Fall 2019 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/paras-shah monthly 0.5 2019-10-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1537195096321-G59Y4QNJWW5F05FFOCAP/image-asset.png Team - Paras Shah Paras Shah, HLS PILAC Research Assistant as of Fall 2018 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/pallav-shukla monthly 0.5 2026-01-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1422279367342-0RNOMGH0VUUSOJHRBT0H/Pallav+Shukla Team - Pallav Shukla Pallav Shukla, PILAC Research Assistant, Spring 2015 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/svitlana-starosvit monthly 0.5 2018-08-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1421240494764-3IPY60ETPSQAL0EBW9W4/image-asset.jpeg Team - Svitlana Starosvit Svitlana Starosvit, PILAC Research Assistant, Fall 2014–Summer 2015, Spring 2016 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/dominic-solari monthly 0.5 2023-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/687f1aea-d022-450b-bbf1-df48a8f3ede1/Dominic+Solari Team - Dominic Solari - Make it stand out Dominic Solari, HLS PILAC Research Assistant https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/emma-svoboda monthly 0.5 2023-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1632495027111-AWSPSQJSUSK9EH6AFZ2J/Svoboda.jpeg Team - Emma Svoboda - Make it stand out Emma Svoboda, HLS PILAC Research Assistant https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/chloe-sweeney monthly 0.5 2023-10-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/9fa5d4ff-9647-4f0b-a5db-07d1d8932cbc/Chloe+Sweeney Team - Chloé Sweeney - Make it stand out Chloé Sweeney https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/april-xiaoyi-xu monthly 0.5 2021-09-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1598018833690-OOH1WEJJMBWXJ5RA7E48/April+Xiaoyi+Xu Team - April Xiaoyi Xu April Xiaoyi Xu https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/elad-uzan monthly 0.5 2019-01-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1536931098156-WJ7G7JS3J34I2CTP5JLU/Elad.jpg Team - Elad Uzan Elad Uzan https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/aizhan-tilenbaeva monthly 0.5 2022-08-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/ed31a85c-670e-4bc5-9e69-b74b8f0fa947/Aizhan+Tilenbaeva Team - Aizhan Tilenbaeva Aizhan Tilenbaeva, HLS PILAC Research Assistant, Fall 2021 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/shayna-toh monthly 0.5 2026-01-28 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/678b1da0-d30d-42b8-9689-babe28133c01/IMG_3751.jpg Team - Shayna Toh https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/george-tyler monthly 0.5 2026-02-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/bf37dd54-a36b-4bae-9782-ee7878d93d2d/George+Tyler.jpg Team - George Tyler https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/natassia-velez monthly 0.5 2021-11-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1605642328958-LONIKN5KS823I2ZFJ5SR/Natassia+Velez Team - Natassia Velez Natassia Velez https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/jitka-vrtelova monthly 0.5 2020-11-17 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1446497435189-GXEYO7WBQLZPKR7IA115/image-asset.jpeg Team - Jitka Vrtelova Jitka Vrtelova, PILAC Research Assistant, Fall 2015 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/juan-felipe-wills monthly 0.5 2022-08-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/c7dd06b9-83fd-48cb-9edf-5d81ab8c1de9/Juan+Foto+JFW.jpg Team - Juan Felipe Wills https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/team/cindy-wu monthly 0.5 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monthly 0.5 2017-08-11 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/indefinite-war-legal-briefing/section-3-diverse-stakes-and-stakeholders monthly 0.5 2017-03-09 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/indefinite-war-legal-briefing/section-4-overview-international-humanitarian-law-provisions-concerning-the-end-of-international-armed-conflict- monthly 0.5 2018-09-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1487872175962-Y9QT6JWEK3VHHOIJ8B30/image-asset.png Indefinite War Legal Briefing - Section 4 - Overview: International Humanitarian Law Provisions concerning the End of International Armed Conflict   https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/indefinite-war-legal-briefing/section-5-overview-international-humanitarian-law-provisions-concerning-the-end-of-non-international-armed-conflict monthly 0.5 2017-02-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1487872777693-U0M2PRDRPV9ZRENTNJRA/NIAC+Elements+Summary+Table.png Indefinite War Legal Briefing - Section 5 - Overview: International Humanitarian Law Provisions concerning the End of Non-International Armed Conflict https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1487871785245-X0DZV5C0RPTX3X9U5NPI/image-asset.png Indefinite War Legal Briefing - Section 5 - Overview: International Humanitarian Law Provisions concerning the End of Non-International Armed Conflict https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/indefinite-war-legal-briefing/section-6-challenging-scenarios monthly 0.5 2017-03-02 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/indefinite-war-legal-briefing/section-7-international-law-and-the-end-of-the-united-states-war-on-terror monthly 0.5 2017-02-27 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/indefinite-war-legal-briefing/section-8-four-theories-on-the-end-of-non-international-armed-conflict monthly 0.5 2017-02-27 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/indefinite-war-legal-briefing/conclusion monthly 0.5 2017-02-27 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/dsss daily 0.75 2022-06-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1494969661577-KZMSWU618ETBRGHAEJFL/689050.jpg Database https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1494970144185-C1HUYRLLE5Z769RE75CY/645492.jpg Database https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1495540516555-2UZ355395IG7U688ZXIR/654197.jpg Database https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/affiliates daily 0.75 2019-09-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1569247046585-T083FMSHW5QR4B3F9QZX/ScottAnderson.png Affiliates - Scott R. Anderson Affiliate https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1569247046585-T083FMSHW5QR4B3F9QZX/ScottAnderson.png Affiliates - Scott R. Anderson Affiliate https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1569246996343-8ISY52TW4SUZ9B4RJXSW/Pablo+PILAC.jpg Affiliates - Pablo A. Arrocha Olabuenaga https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1504208520674-IHW8LMJLV6VWX1FD7372/Anderson_Pic1.png Affiliates https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1569247075255-I5UBN4A2V7I2IJLQ0PIU/MonaAliKhalil.jpeg Affiliates - Mona Ali Khalil Affiliate https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1569247089091-JMV0SBBTLA6KIN9FI29A/MichaelSchmitt.jpeg Affiliates - Michael N. Schmitt Affiliate https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1569247104493-OJNKG6CP306MBA3WVECU/Townley+photo+2.jpg Affiliates - Stephen Townley Affiliate https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/ilac-events daily 0.75 2018-01-18 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/ilac-events/unscom-briefing-and-consultations-un-security-council monthly 0.5 2018-01-18 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/ilac-events/minusma-briefing-and-consultations-un-security-council monthly 0.5 2018-01-18 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/pilot-empirical-survey-study-graphical-representations daily 0.75 2022-06-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1516743292668-GH0LG1SQATDKVU73MNQD/8.5x11+-+oCTyes.jpg Pilot Empirical Survey Study Graphical Representations - Graphical Representation of the Pilot Empirical Survey Study — Yes Answers By Gloria Chang, HLS PILAC, 2017 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1516743292668-GH0LG1SQATDKVU73MNQD/8.5x11+-+oCTyes.jpg Pilot Empirical Survey Study Graphical Representations - Graphical Representation of the Pilot Empirical Survey Study — Yes Answers By Gloria Chang, HLS PILAC, 2017 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1516743688202-TOBOF8MCJ0R7WTNET8CB/8.5x11+-+oCTno.jpg Pilot Empirical Survey Study Graphical Representations - Graphical Representation of the Pilot Empirical Survey Study — No Answers By Gloria Chang, HLS PILAC, 2017 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1516743603857-TFQN4OVH10NB17B5PKDG/8.5x11+-+oCTidk.jpg Pilot Empirical Survey Study Graphical Representations - Graphical Representation of the Pilot Empirical Survey Study — Unknown Answers By Gloria Chang, HLS PILAC, 2017 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/library-updates daily 0.75 2018-08-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1534185634934-U04UQKATQ91O2FOXA5G7/09_20_13_Campus_Shots_BKraft092.JPG Library Updates https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/research-projects-1 daily 0.75 2024-11-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1732221964917-8Q798KPTR7EXF1008HUR/IMG_20181018_091107+%282%29.jpg Research Projects - Security Council Primer Series Despite the extraordinary authority placed in the United Nations Security Council, relatively little is known about its day-to-day workings outside its five permanent members and UN support staff. Indeed, the permanent members benefit from decades of continuous experience, as well as relatively large teams in New York and at their respective capitals devoted to international law and policy matters. Members elected for a two-year term at the Council often do not possess equivalent expertise, resources, and personnel. In a series of primers, HLS PILAC seeks to help fill an arguable informational gap concerning international law and the Council between the permanent and elected members. Building off a 2020 general primer for elected members published by HLS PILAC, these new analyses are intended to furnish elected members with important additional information that they can use as they see fit. The primary target audience includes current and future elected members of the Council, in particular those States’ legal and policy advisers. The series’ objective is not to proscribe or prescribe particular approaches but, rather, to apprise States of certain key issues that may be borne in mind in navigating engagements with and at the Security Council. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1732221964917-8Q798KPTR7EXF1008HUR/IMG_20181018_091107+%282%29.jpg Research Projects - Security Council Primer Series Despite the extraordinary authority placed in the United Nations Security Council, relatively little is known about its day-to-day workings outside its five permanent members and UN support staff. Indeed, the permanent members benefit from decades of continuous experience, as well as relatively large teams in New York and at their respective capitals devoted to international law and policy matters. Members elected for a two-year term at the Council often do not possess equivalent expertise, resources, and personnel. In a series of primers, HLS PILAC seeks to help fill an arguable informational gap concerning international law and the Council between the permanent and elected members. Building off a 2020 general primer for elected members published by HLS PILAC, these new analyses are intended to furnish elected members with important additional information that they can use as they see fit. The primary target audience includes current and future elected members of the Council, in particular those States’ legal and policy advisers. The series’ objective is not to proscribe or prescribe particular approaches but, rather, to apprise States of certain key issues that may be borne in mind in navigating engagements with and at the Security Council. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1615320059384-VJ62C9SB1KFY652FIKG5/UN733876.jpg Research Projects - Advancing Humanitarian Commitments in Connection with Countering Terrorism States spend tens of billions of dollars each year to help implement humanitarian programs in conflicts across the world. Yet, in practice, counterterrorism objectives increasingly prevail over humanitarian concerns, often resulting in devastating effects for civilian populations in need of aid and protection in war. Not least, confusion and misapprehensions about the power and authority of States relative to the United Nations Security Council to set policy preferences and configure legal obligations contribute significantly to this trajectory. In a guide for States, HLS PILAC authors argue that it is possible — and, they believe, urgently called for — to arrest this trajectory and safeguard principled humanitarian action. In their view, short-term and ad-hoc solutions are less likely to uphold the humanitarian imperative. Instead, the authors present a framework for States to reconfigure the relations between these core commitments by deciding to assess the counterterrorism architecture through the lens of impartial humanitarianism. The authors also identify key questions that States may answer to help formulate and instantiate their values, policy commitments, and legal positions in order to advance the humanitarian imperative and uphold respect for principled humanitarian action in connection with carrying out the Security Council’s counterterrorism decisions. Image credit: UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1536948766609-IX53VONQ9S2REDVXNLG8/Background+web+-+war+algorithms+%281%29.png Research Projects - International Legal and Policy Dimensions of War Algorithms: Enduring and Emerging Concerns This project seeks to strengthen international debate and inform policy-making on the ways that artificial intelligence and complex computer algorithms are transforming — and have the potential to reshape — war, as well as how international legal and policy frameworks already govern — and might further regulate — the design, development, and use of those technologies. Several states are actively seeking to harness artificial-intelligence techniques and other complex algorithmic systems in connection with war — not only for weapons but also for an array of other areas as well, such as detention, warships, and humanitarian services. Many of these technological developments threaten to outpace regulations. We will conduct research and convene government experts and international policymakers on rapid technological advancements with a focus on legal and policy dimensions of how AI techniques and other complex algorithmic systems are transforming war. Image credits: The U.S. Army [link] and Michael J. Vrabel [link]. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1563457766641-WQ8QY7D5OMQOKN2V2EFL/713843.jpg Research Projects - Quantum of Silence: Inaction and Jus ad Bellum In a paper by the Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (HLS PILAC) titled “Quantum of Silence: Inaction and Jus ad Bellum” (2019), Dustin A. Lewis, Naz K. Modirzadeh, and Gabriella Blum examine the actual and potential roles of silence in the identification and the development of international law, with a focus on the legal regime governing the threat or use of force in international relations. The analysis in the paper is complemented with an annex — to which a team of HLS PILAC research assistants contributed — that contains the most comprehensive catalogue to date of apparent self-defense reports to the Security Council under article 51 of the U.N. Charter. Those contributors were Lindsay Anne Bailey, Emma Broches, Laura Clark, Sonia Chakrabarty, Thejasa Jayachandran, Daniel Levine-Spound, Sarah Libowsky, Samantha Lint, Yang Liu, Carolina Silva-Portero, Shira Shamir, William Ossoff, Tamsin Parzen, and Shanelle Van. Image credit: UN Photo/Rick Bajornas. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1585679895501-Q4LO85W86A4043UNJV1U/image-asset.jpeg Research Projects - The Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate and International Humanitarian Law In developing international humanitarian law (IHL), States have aimed in part to lay down the primary normative and operational framework pertaining to principled humanitarian action in situations of armed conflict. The possibility that certain counterterrorism measures may be instituted in a manner that intentionally or unintentionally impedes such action has been recognized by an increasingly wide array of States and entities, including the United Nations Security Council and the U.N. Secretary-General. At least two aspects of the contemporary international discourse on intersections between principled humanitarian action and counterterrorism measures warrant more sustained attention. The first concerns who is, and who ought to be, in a position to authentically and authoritatively interpret and apply IHL in this area. The second concerns the relationships between IHL and other possibly relevant regulatory frameworks, including counterterrorism mandates flowing from decisions of the U.N. Security Council. Partly in relation to those two axes of the broader international discourse, a debate has emerged regarding whether the U.N. Security Council may authorize one particular counterterrorism entity — namely, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED) — to interpret and assess compliance with IHL pertaining to humanitarian action in relation to certain counterterrorism contexts. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1581504502754-CV0MARW9PUNAHZH8B3KP/image-asset.jpeg Research Projects - Developing “Take Into Account” Systems In 2019, the United Nations Security Council urged States take into account the potential effects of counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities, including medical activities, that are carried out by impartial humanitarian actors in a manner consistent with international humanitarian law (IHL). HLS PILAC is developing an analytical framework through which States may seek to devise and administer such “take into account” systems. The framework is grounded in respect for international law, notably IHL and counterterrorism obligations entailed in Security Council decisions. Image credit: UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1536091878282-WFMYDR10VQVCAWGXOWL5/150608-F-QN515-155+%281%29.JPG Research Projects - Indefinite War Can we say, definitively, when an armed conflict no longer exists under international law? The short, unsatisfying answer is sometimes: it is clear when some conflicts terminate as a matter of international law, but a decisive determination eludes many others. Indefinite War: Unsettled International Law on the End of Armed Conflict (February 2017) details the legal considerations and analyzes the significant implications of that lack of settled guidance. In all, our analysis reveals that international law, as it now stands, provides insufficient guidance to precisely discern the end of many armed conflicts as a factual matter(when has the war ended?), as a normative matter (when should the war end?), and as a legal matter (when does the international-legal framework of armed conflict cease to apply in relation to the war?). The current plurality of legal concepts of armed conflict, the sparsity of IHL provisions that instruct the end of application, and the inconsistency among such provisions thwart uniform regulation and frustrate the formulation of a comprehensive notion of when wars can, should, and do end. Image credit: U.S. Air Force photo/Tech. Sgt. Joseph Swafford. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1571933598710-FKTPCKEWXYLDWUDA7DDI/160512-D-ZZ999-888+%281%29.jpeg Research Projects - Council of Advisers on the Application of the Rome Statute to Cyberwarfare HLS PILAC is contributing independent legal research and policy analysis, through the provision of HLS students’ research assistance, to the project titled “Council of Advisers on the Application of the Rome Statute to Cyberwarfare.” The initiative — which enjoys the support of Liechtenstein, Spain, Belgium, and Estonia and which is slated to span fall 2019 through spring 2020 — aims in part to facilitate a time-bound forum for States, academics, and civil society members to discuss how different forms of cyber operations fit into the Rome Statute system and other international legal frameworks. Image credit: DARPA. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1536093686677-VHYL8180CQ8MGP3Z2RD2/9638629918_37e6772c5e_k.jpg Research Projects - Pilot Empirical Survey Study on the Impact of Counterterrorism Measures on Humanitarian Action To help determine the measurable impact of counterterrorism laws on humanitarian action, the Counterterrorism and Humanitarian Engagement (CHE) Project at the Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict collected data from humanitarian actors demonstrating the impact (or lack thereof) of counterterrorism laws and regulations on humanitarian organizations and their work. The Pilot Empirical Survey Study on the Impact of Counterterrorism Measures on Humanitarian Action (by Jessica S. Burniske and Naz K. Modirzadeh, March 2017) captures the resulting initial attempt at a pilot empirical study in this domain. Modirzadeh wrote a Comment on the Study (March 2017). That Comment raises considerations for states and donors, for humanitarian organizations, and for researchers. Image credit: DFID. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1536091956319-S9K7O7LROHFKWPSVSR4C/21159540915_669e3c74f6_b+%281%29.jpg Research Projects - War-Algorithm Accountability In this project, we introduce a new concept—war algorithms—that attempts to elevate algorithmically-derived “choices” and “decisions” to a, and perhaps the, central concern regarding technical autonomy in war. We define “war algorithm” as any algorithm that is expressed in computer code, that is effectuated through a constructed system, and that is capable of operating in relation to armed conflict. In introducing this concept, our foundational technological concern is the capability of a constructed system, without further human intervention, to help make and effectuate a “decision” or “choice” of a war algorithm. Distilled, the two core ingredients are an algorithm expressed in computer code and a suitably capable constructed system. Through that lens, we link international law and related accountability architectures to relevant technologies. We sketch a three-part (non-exhaustive) approach that highlights traditional and unconventional accountability avenues. Photo credit: Christiaan Colen (Flickr) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1538412094717-X7E9WH4UHVT5CBT9MZBU/151001-F-WU210-002.jpg Research Projects - Civilian Protection in Parterned Conflicts: Case-Study Simulation Exercise This one-session case study zooms in on one of the pivotal decision points in contemporary partnered armed conflicts: whether or not to share intelligence with a partner. With a focus on managing legal responsibility and protecting civilians, participants are primed to quickly weigh countervailing considerations, navigate interoperability challenges, and make strategic decisions in high-pressure, time-sensitive, complex operations involving several States and non-state armed groups. Image credit: Image credit: U.S. Air Force photo/ Tech. Sgt. Nadine Y. Barclay [link]. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1536092091242-HVH2YJN3YFVBFM2A46V7/14848260943_6b6bd78df0_b.jpg Research Projects - Medical Care in Armed Conflict: IHL and State Responses to Terrorism The surge in armed conflicts involving terrorism has brought to the fore the general question of medical care in armed conflict and the particular legal protections afforded to those providing such care to terrorists. Against this background, we evaluate international humanitarian law (IHL) protections for wartime medical assistance concerning terrorists. Through that lens, we expose gaps and weaknesses in IHL. We also examine tensions between IHL and state responses to terrorism more broadly. Photo credit: Army Medicine (Flickr). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1536091563379-B4ZRXMCHQTYZTFXA4T51/6473649211_4605986d4c_b+%281%29.jpg Research Projects - Counterterrorism and Humanitarian Engagement HLS PILAC grows out of and expands upon the Counterterrorism and Humanitarian Engagement Project (CHE Project) of the HLS-Brookings Project on Law and Security. With generous support from the Swiss FDFA, as well as project support from the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs facilitated through the Norwegian Refugee Council, the CHE Project produces independent research and analysis on emerging challenges of humanitarian protection in situations of armed conflict where listed armed groups control territory. Photo credit: U.N. Photo/Stuart Price (Flickr). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1536092266543-M5N7KYDLG8UD10N0C307/24368+%282%29.jpg Research Projects - Armed Non-State Actors and International Human Rights Law: An Analysis of the U.N. Security Council and U.N. General Assembly Our June 2017 briefing report with annexes provides an overview of research conducted by HLS PILAC concerning modalities in which the U.N. Security Council and the U.N. General Assembly have addressed ANSAs with respect to human rights; ways in which these U.N. principal organs have distinguished between different types of ANSAs; and the consequences of these organs possibly establishing responsibility of ANSAs in relation to the protection and fulfillment—or, at least, the non-abuse—of human rights. While it is incontrovertible that the U.N. Security Council and the U.N. General Assembly have recognized, at a minimum, that the conduct of at least some ANSAs can amount to violations or abuses of human rights, it is not currently possible to state that either of these principal U.N. organs has taken sufficient steps to formally endow ANSAs with human-rights obligations in general under international law. Image credit: UN Photo/Mark Garten [link], Dec. 4, 2000. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1536092366166-PYLL39LFALTMW3FZGVUQ/2344946715_ece9144980_b.jpg Research Projects - International Counterterrorism Efforts The number, range, and scope of intergovernmental entities and initiatives with a counterterrorism component have grown significantly in recent years. Today, a web of counterterrorism laws, policies, and enforcement approaches is developed and overseen by over 70 international institutions, bodies, and networks around the world. These efforts focus on everything from promulgating international legal rules to developing global policy standards, from drafting model criminal laws to promoting intelligence- and information-sharing. To date, the full scope of these efforts has not, to our knowledge, been captured in one place. We set out to identify and summarize these efforts in a single online resource. Photo credit: U.S. Army (Flickr) https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/videos daily 0.75 2026-02-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1770657652099-JPL59Q0ZBRKFM7AG1O0T/image-asset.jpeg Videos - Responsible Use of AI in Armed Conflict: Upholding Respect for International Law On February 4th, 2026, PILAC co-organized — with the Government of Switzerland — a session at the 3rd REAIM Summit, in A Coruña, Spain, focused on grounding multilateral discussions on military AI in respect for international law. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1770657652099-JPL59Q0ZBRKFM7AG1O0T/image-asset.jpeg Videos - Responsible Use of AI in Armed Conflict: Upholding Respect for International Law On February 4th, 2026, PILAC co-organized — with the Government of Switzerland — a session at the 3rd REAIM Summit, in A Coruña, Spain, focused on grounding multilateral discussions on military AI in respect for international law. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1653406958766-1AZTXPBHYPZ4BZD1YD0H/image-asset.png Videos - Prof. Naz Modirzadeh — Implications of State Silence concerning the Right to Self-Defense https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1555600377439-PTL0BTWGWVD98MYXEE8T/image-asset.jpeg Videos - Prof. Gabriella Blum — Ethics and the Global War on Terror https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1679335717109-LA3EG58KEVNC6Z21DOCS/image-asset.png Videos - Dustin A. Lewis - The End of an Armed Conflict under International Law https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1649681454181-3SFPO3A9007V0IVENVM0/image-asset.jpeg Videos - Not All State Silences 'Speak': A Theory of (Non-)Communicative State Silences - Dr. Danae Azaria https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1649681386610-1M77RPDTXXDRPBAXVS3B/image-asset.png Videos - Not All State Silences 'Speak': A Theory of (Non-)Communicative State Silences — Dr. Danae Azaria https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1649682219981-08V3CAQ8OIN12OHYWUAY/image-asset.jpeg Videos - The Humanitarian Civilian — Dr. Rebecca Sutton https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1653406138005-Y9JD3IHMQIVE5P5WDZ6F/image-asset.png Videos - Dustin Lewis — Panel on the AI conundrum: Algorithms and human responsibility in armed conflicts https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1649682300223-WHIYFX4ABSIBRBKAJN18/image-asset.jpeg Videos - War and Algorithm: The End of Law? A Lecture by Professor Gregor Noll https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1556227583313-FYK0C58NEA48ETA2PEJR/image-asset.jpeg Videos - Prof. Kalpouzos - “The Recognition of War” https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1555599922387-9VVO3PQS7L5ECKFLTLNT/image-asset.jpeg Videos - Legal, Moral, and Military Implications of "Collateral Damage": A Lunch Talk with Prof. Janina Dill https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1649682342192-JCQP9CHGSLU7DEJYYLW0/image-asset.jpeg Videos - Perilous Medicine — Len Rubenstein https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1555599891303-5DMCCG33RSFYJQFZ1MH9/image-asset.jpeg Videos - Military Interventions in Internal Conflicts Upon Invitation of the Government - Dr. Chiara Redaelli https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1653407496601-YLN6VKZYLATUR2FBNA0F/image-asset.png Videos - Prof. Gabriella Blum and Benjamin Wittes: 'The Future of Violence' https://static1.squarespace.com/static/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/5cb8915615fcc0945f0cc5e2/5cb89181448c8aceeb44659f/1555599718757/ Videos https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1555599809135-19G5VN0OJ8JIYOR6LD27/image-asset.jpeg Videos - Unreliable Protection: Proportionality in Warfare Put to the Test, a talk by Daniel Statman https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1555600135166-CD0RASPE1PAUOMKHVIQD/image-asset.jpeg Videos - Presentation by Dr. Gloria Gaggioli on "Self-Defense in Armed Conflicts" https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1555599988501-8Y8ZCBHMBNIETGL3SDRF/image-asset.jpeg Videos - French Counterterrorism Practices: Criminal and Administrative Avenues - A Talk by Dr. Sharon Weill https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1555599771922-RTOPK2AF2HV1O32FABIV/ORF.png Videos - Dustin Lewis — CyFy 2018 | Algorithms, AI and Armed Conflict https://static1.squarespace.com/static/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/5cb8915615fcc0945f0cc5e2/5cb8925ab9fb47e831a58c77/1555599960762/ Videos - French Counterterrorism Practices: Criminal and Administrative Avenues - A Talk by Dr. Sharon Weill https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1555600245254-GMP7VE5TPHNFXNUTDGSS/image-asset.jpeg Videos - Michael N. Schmitt: HLS PILAC Lecture on Cyber Operations and IHL: Fault Lines and Vectors https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/quantum-of-silence-paper-and-annex daily 0.75 2019-07-16 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/quantum-of-silence-paper-and-annex/credits monthly 0.5 2019-07-16 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/quantum-of-silence-paper-and-annex/executive-summary monthly 0.5 2019-07-16 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/quantum-of-silence-paper-and-annex/part-i-introduction monthly 0.5 2019-07-17 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/quantum-of-silence-paper-and-annex/part-ii-what-we-mean-by-silence monthly 0.5 2019-07-16 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/quantum-of-silence-paper-and-annex/part-iii-silence-in-jus-ad-bellum monthly 0.5 2019-07-16 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/quantum-of-silence-paper-and-annex/part-iv-conclusion monthly 0.5 2019-07-16 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/quantum-of-silence-paper-and-annex/annex-hls-pilac-catalogue-of-apparent-article-51-communications monthly 0.5 2019-07-18 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/quantum-of-silence-paper-and-annex/category/HLS+PILAC+report monthly 0.5 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/quantum-of-silence-paper-and-annex/tag/Silence monthly 0.5 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/quantum-of-silence-paper-and-annex/tag/jus+ad+bellum monthly 0.5 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/quantum-of-silence-paper-and-annex/tag/jus monthly 0.5 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/quantum-of-silence-paper-and-annex/tag/jus+contra+bellum monthly 0.5 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/featured-research daily 0.75 2024-11-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1641226529618-1S2JGJSFAWXE19ODOPUW/image-asset.png Featured Research - Advancing Humanitarian Commitments in Connection with Countering Terrorism: Exploring a Foundational Reframing concerning the Security Council States spend tens of billions of dollars each year to help implement humanitarian programs in conflicts across the world. Yet, in practice, counterterrorism objectives increasingly prevail over humanitarian concerns, often resulting in devastating effects for civilian populations in need of aid and protection in war. Not least, confusion and misapprehensions about the power and authority of States relative to the United Nations Security Council to set policy preferences and configure legal obligations contribute significantly to this trajectory. In a guide for States published by the Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (HLS PILAC), Dustin A. Lewis, Radhika Kapoor, and Naz K. Modirzadeh argue that it is possible — and, they believe, urgently called for — to arrest this trajectory and safeguard principled humanitarian action. In their view, short-term and ad-hoc solutions are less likely to uphold the humanitarian imperative. Instead, the authors present a framework for States to reconfigure the relations between these core commitments by deciding to assess the counterterrorism architecture through the lens of impartial humanitarianism. The authors also identify key questions that States may answer to help formulate and instantiate their values, policy commitments, and legal positions in order to advance the humanitarian imperative and uphold respect for principled humanitarian action in connection with carrying out the Security Council’s counterterrorism decisions. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1641226529618-1S2JGJSFAWXE19ODOPUW/image-asset.png Featured Research - Advancing Humanitarian Commitments in Connection with Countering Terrorism: Exploring a Foundational Reframing concerning the Security Council States spend tens of billions of dollars each year to help implement humanitarian programs in conflicts across the world. Yet, in practice, counterterrorism objectives increasingly prevail over humanitarian concerns, often resulting in devastating effects for civilian populations in need of aid and protection in war. Not least, confusion and misapprehensions about the power and authority of States relative to the United Nations Security Council to set policy preferences and configure legal obligations contribute significantly to this trajectory. In a guide for States published by the Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (HLS PILAC), Dustin A. Lewis, Radhika Kapoor, and Naz K. Modirzadeh argue that it is possible — and, they believe, urgently called for — to arrest this trajectory and safeguard principled humanitarian action. In their view, short-term and ad-hoc solutions are less likely to uphold the humanitarian imperative. Instead, the authors present a framework for States to reconfigure the relations between these core commitments by deciding to assess the counterterrorism architecture through the lens of impartial humanitarianism. The authors also identify key questions that States may answer to help formulate and instantiate their values, policy commitments, and legal positions in order to advance the humanitarian imperative and uphold respect for principled humanitarian action in connection with carrying out the Security Council’s counterterrorism decisions. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1641226711248-68SYES1PM3Z2K4MK1K0K/Screen+Shot+2022-01-03+at+11.18.08+AM.png Featured Research - Taking into Account the Potential Effects of Counterterrorism Measures on Humanitarian and Medical Activities: Elements of an Analytical Framework for States Grounded in Respect for International Law For at least a decade, States, humanitarian bodies, and civil-society actors have raised concerns about how certain counterterrorism measures can prevent or impede humanitarian and medical activities in armed conflicts. In 2019, the issue drew the attention of the world’s preeminent body charged with maintaining or restoring international peace and security: the United Nations Security Council. In two resolutions — Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) — adopted that year, the Security Council urged States to take into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities, including medical activities, that are carried out by impartial humanitarian actors in a manner consistent with international humanitarian law (IHL). By implicitly recognizing that measures adopted to achieve one policy objective (countering terrorism) can impair or prevent another policy objective (safeguarding humanitarian and medical activities), the Security Council elevated taking into account the potential effects of certain counterterrorism measures on exclusively humanitarian activities to an issue implicating international peace and security. In this legal briefing, HLS PILAC authors aim to support the development of an analytical framework through which a State may seek to devise and administer a system to take into account the potential effects of counterterrorism measures on humanitarian and medical activities. Their primary intended audience includes the people involved in creating or administering a “take into account” system and in developing relevant laws and policies. Their analysis zooms in on Resolution 2462 (2019) and Resolution 2482 (2019) and focuses on grounding the framework in respect for international law, notably the U.N. Charter and IHL. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1641226868373-7ID016FJJVP0C5IWIR91/Screen+Shot+2022-01-03+at+11.21.02+AM.png Featured Research - Preparing for a Twenty-Four-Month Sprint: A Primer for Prospective and New Elected Members of the United Nations Security Council Under the United Nations Charter, the U.N. Security Council has several important functions and powers, not least with regard to taking binding actions to maintain international peace and security. The ten elected members have the opportunity to influence this area and others during their two-year terms on the Council. In this paper, HLS PILAC authors aim to illustrate some of these opportunities, identify potential guidance from prior elected members’ experiences, and outline the key procedures that incoming elected members should be aware of as they prepare to join the Council. In doing so, they seek in part to summarize the current state of scholarship and policy analysis in an effort to make this material more accessible to States and, particularly, to States’ legal advisers. The authors drafted this paper with a view towards States that have been elected and are preparing to join the Council, as well as for those States that are considering bidding for a seat on the Council. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1641227026844-007ZY4B9TJ8R87US2T50/Screen+Shot+2022-01-03+at+11.23.21+AM.png Featured Research - Three Pathways to Secure Greater Respect for International Law concerning War Algorithms Existing and emerging applications of artificial intelligence in armed conflicts and other systems reliant upon war algorithms and data span diverse areas. Natural persons may increasingly depend upon these technologies in decisions and activities related to killing combatants, destroying enemy installations, detaining adversaries, protecting civilians, undertaking missions at sea, conferring legal advice, and configuring logistics. In intergovernmental debates on autonomous weapons, a normative impasse appears to have emerged. Some countries assert that existing law suffices, while several others call for new rules. Meanwhile, the vast majority of efforts by States to address relevant systems focus by and large on weapons, means, and methods of warfare. Partly as a result, the broad spectrum of other far-reaching applications is rarely brought into view. One normatively grounded way to help identify and address relevant issues is to elaborate pathways that States, international organizations, non-state parties to armed conflict, and others may pursue to help secure greater respect for international law. In this commentary, HLS PILAC’s Research Director elaborates on three such pathways: forming and publicly expressing positions on key legal issues, taking measures relative to their own conduct, and taking steps relative to the behavior of others. None of these pathways is sufficient in itself, and there are no doubt many others that ought to be pursued. But each of the identified tracks is arguably necessary to ensure that international law is — or becomes — fit for purpose. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1641227135809-BSOUY34QIFUSVP9NAW1R/Screen+Shot+2022-01-03+at+11.25.31+AM.png Featured Research - Quantum of Silence: Inaction and Jus ad Bellum In a paper by the Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (HLS PILAC) titled “Quantum of Silence: Inaction and Jus ad Bellum” (2019), Dustin A. Lewis, Naz K. Modirzadeh, and Gabriella Blum examine the actual and potential roles of silence in the identification and the development of international law, with a focus on the legal regime governing the threat or use of force in international relations. The analysis in the paper is complemented with an annex — to which a team of HLS PILAC research assistants contributed — that contains the most comprehensive catalogue to date of apparent self-defense reports to the Security Council under article 51 of the U.N. Charter. Those contributors were Lindsay Anne Bailey, Emma Broches, Laura Clark, Sonia Chakrabarty, Thejasa Jayachandran, Daniel Levine-Spound, Sarah Libowsky, Samantha Lint, Yang Liu, Carolina Silva-Portero, Shira Shamir, William Ossoff, Tamsin Parzen, and Shanelle Van. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1641227255801-VYR6P5T7QSZI654IIJOW/Screen+Shot+2022-01-03+at+11.27.10+AM.png Featured Research - Indefinite War Can we say, definitively, when an armed conflict no longer exists under international law? The short, unsatisfying answer is sometimes: it is clear when some conflicts terminate as a matter of international law, but a decisive determination eludes many others. The lack of fully-settled guidance often matters significantly. That is because international law tolerates, for the most part, far less violent harm, devastation, and suppression in situations other than armed conflicts. Thus, certain measures governed by the laws and customs of war—including killing and capturing the enemy, destroying and seizing enemy property, and occupying foreign territory, all on a possibly large scale—would usually constitute grave violations of peacetime law. This Legal Briefing details the legal considerations and analyzes the implications of that lack of settled guidance. It delves into the myriad (and often-inconsistent) provisions in treaty law, customary law, and relevant jurisprudence that purport to govern the end of war. Alongside the doctrinal analysis, this Briefing considers the changing concept of war and of what constitutes its end; evaluates diverse interests at stake in the continuation or close of conflict; and contextualizes the essentially political work of those who design the law. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1641227334718-U2RX3R8KACGOQ06ZHXBC/Screen+Shot+2022-01-03+at+11.28.46+AM.png Featured Research - War-Algorithm Accountability In this briefing report, we introduce a new concept — war algorithms — that elevates algorithmically-derived “choices” and “decisions” to a, and perhaps the, central concern regarding technical autonomy in war. We thereby aim to shed light on and recast the discussion regarding “autonomous weapon systems.” We define “war algorithm” as any algorithm that is expressed in computer code, that is effectuated through a constructed system, and that is capable of operating in relation to armed conflict. In introducing this concept, our foundational technological concern is the capability of a constructed system, without further human intervention, to help make and effectuate a “decision” or “choice” of a war algorithm. Distilled, the two core ingredients are an algorithm expressed in computer code and a suitably capable constructed system. Through that lens, we link international law and related accountability architectures to relevant technologies. We sketch a three-part (non-exhaustive) approach that highlights traditional and unconventional accountability avenues. We focus largely on international law because it is the only normative regime that purports — in key respects but with important caveats — to be both universal and uniform. By not limiting our inquiry only to weapon systems, we take an expansive view, showing how the broad concept of war algorithms might be susceptible to regulation — and how those algorithms might already fit within the existing regulatory system established by international law. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1641227425132-W3RXGDDPLSX3OQ61PVTY/Screen+Shot+2022-01-03+at+11.30.13+AM.png Featured Research - Medical Care in Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law and State Responses to Terrorism The surge in armed conflicts involving terrorism has brought to the fore the general question of medical care in armed conflict and the particular legal protections afforded to those providing such care to terrorists. Against this backdrop, we evaluate international humanitarian law (IHL) protections for wartime medical assistance concerning terrorists. Through that lens, we expose gaps and weaknesses in IHL. We also examine tensions between IHL and state responses to terrorism more broadly. In studying the IHL regime applicable to medical care, substantive fragmentation and gaps in legal protection between states and across types of conflict emerge. These ruptures are not new. But they are increasingly noticeable as terrorism is more frequently conceptualized as forming part of armed conflicts and as more states undertake aggressive responses to terrorist threats. The U.N. Security Council has been a key driver of these responses, requiring member states to take more and broader steps to obviate terrorist threats. Yet so far the Council has not required that, in doing so, states fully exempt impartial wartime medical care, even in circumstances that would render such care protected under IHL. Rather, the Council seems to consider providing medical assistance and supplies to al-Qaeda and its associates as at least a partial ground for designating those who facilitate such care as terrorists themselves. The overall result today is unsatisfactory. By prosecuting physicians for supporting terrorists through medical care in armed conflicts, some states are likely violating their IHL treaty obligations. But in certain other instances where states intentionally curtail impartial medical care there is no clear IHL violation. Both those actual IHL violations and the lack of clear IHL violations, we think, are cause for concern. The former represent failures to implement the legal regime. And the latter highlight the non-comprehensiveness— or, at least, the indeterminateness and variability — of the normative framework. https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/research-and-publications daily 0.75 2022-01-03 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/recent-publications daily 0.75 2025-07-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1753885702039-E65QK5GPS4WBIGWI3M42/ILAC+and+NE+%E2%80%94+Front+Cover.png Recent Publications - The International Law of Armed Conflict and the Natural Environment: An Analytical Resource for States https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1753885702039-E65QK5GPS4WBIGWI3M42/ILAC+and+NE+%E2%80%94+Front+Cover.png Recent Publications - The International Law of Armed Conflict and the Natural Environment: An Analytical Resource for States https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1746007684780-0GHX3GAGRPR0X9LT6MJH/IL+and+DS+%E2%80%94+Front+Cover.png Recent Publications - International Law and State Allegations of Double Standards: A Conceptual Analysis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1738242539634-EADEPIB0PVUFLS6S991G/image-asset.png Recent Publications - Exercising Cognitive Agency: A Legal Framework Concerning Natural and Artificial Intelligence in Armed Conflict https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1732193775330-JB7M0D5S4XV9SF7TOJZA/SBSCs+Primer+Front+Cover.png Recent Publications - A Primer on Subsidiary Bodies of Sanctions Committees Established by the U.N. Security Council https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1732193776121-1S3DXCCXEQKH86Y8CD6G/SC-ICJ+Primer+Front+Cover.png Recent Publications - A Primer on the Relationship between the Security Council and the International Court of Justice https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1732193775328-31P0SXXMQU4ZAR2QKU48/Arts.+43%E2%80%9347+Primer+Front+Cover.png Recent Publications - A Primer on Articles 43–47 of the U.N. Charter: Contribution of Forces for Collective Security https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1713884544126-CNPAZGWL4673OE6MMKIL/destination%2B%25281%2529.jpg Recent Publications - Resolution 2664 (2022) and Counterterrorism Measures: An Analytical Frame for States https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1713881645429-LQ6FLI9X2GMQKTYGSUOS/united-nations+%287%29.png Recent Publications - HLS PILAC Catalogue of Practice of the U.N. Security Council Concerning the Environment, 1945–2021, With an Accompanying Finding Aid https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1713881554736-YIRKIAO1A9AWUEI6J75D/aid+%281%29.png Recent Publications - An Interpretive Note for U.N. Member States on Security Council Resolution 2664 (2022) https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/unsc-primer-series-gallery daily 0.75 2024-11-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1732193555233-H5GXKMTVTEF77YW7KSOY/SBSCs+Primer+Front+Cover.png UNSC Primer Series - SBSCs Primer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1732193555233-H5GXKMTVTEF77YW7KSOY/SBSCs+Primer+Front+Cover.png UNSC Primer Series - SBSCs Primer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1732193555233-IMPCG34SCPULIKT4GRYM/Arts.+43%E2%80%9347+Primer+Front+Cover.png UNSC Primer Series - Arts 43–47 Primer https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1732193555957-2UNR15JJQC5TTGU5E6IF/SC-ICJ+Primer+Front+Cover.png UNSC Primer Series - SC-ICJ Primer https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/primer-series-on-the-unsc daily 0.75 2024-11-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1732194020827-K6ZJZOPP00Q5UB3F9AOW/SBSCs+Primer+Front+Cover.png Primer Series on the UNSC - A Primer on Subsidiary Bodies of Sanctions Committees Established by the U.N. Security Council https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1732194020827-K6ZJZOPP00Q5UB3F9AOW/SBSCs+Primer+Front+Cover.png Primer Series on the UNSC - A Primer on Subsidiary Bodies of Sanctions Committees Established by the U.N. Security Council https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1732194020828-OMKQFULYIQAQ4ZAM7EQ4/Arts.+43%E2%80%9347+Primer+Front+Cover.png Primer Series on the UNSC - A Primer on Articles 43–47 of the U.N. Charter: Contribution of Forces for Collective Security https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1732194021622-1GRR3GX0R3VHV2DEOFIU/SC-ICJ+Primer+Front+Cover.png Primer Series on the UNSC - A Primer on the Relationship between the Security Council and the International Court of Justice https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/home-shift daily 0.75 2025-05-09 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/mcac daily 0.75 2021-07-16 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/ftf daily 0.75 2015-09-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1443542915231-9TGU9TKLH0M2N8C89WH1/14274698678_e644bd4d72_k+%281%29.jpg Suppressing Foreign Terrorist Fighters and Supporting Principled Humanitarian Action https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/waa daily 0.75 2022-04-15 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/indefinite-war daily 0.75 2021-08-26 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/pilot-empirical-survey-study-and-comment daily 0.75 2022-06-02 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/medical-care-in-armed-conflict-international-humanitarian-law-and-state-responses-to-terrorism daily 0.75 2022-04-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1447275557605-PFK6R5HRP6IQQPHF7VLM/14848260943_6b6bd78df0_b.jpg Medical Care in Armed Conflict https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/page-not-found daily 0.75 2015-05-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1423668263375-ZW9OX48QIUWTON5BK32P/Snow2008_PFarnsworth_87.JPG Page not found https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/case-studies daily 0.75 2018-10-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1427491420756-O08WE2XTS9C5W67VFY90/10_10_13_Campus_Shots_BKraft125.JPG Case Studies https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1427491655797-IBW3M2THY1BMZX6EVYIS/Naz+Modirzadeh Case Studies Naz Modirzadeh, National Security Council Case Study Prototype, HLS, Fall 2014 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1538411404351-ZFJ535DLZWYDJ4O6FBDN/Image%3A+U.S.+Air+Force+photo%2FTech.+Sgt.+Nadine+Y.+Barclay Case Studies Image credit: U.S. Air Force photo/ Tech. Sgt. Nadine Y. Barclay [link] https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1423739052214-83L4RELVCS1Y7C5FFMLU/image-asset.jpeg Case Studies Photo credit: UN Photo/Stuart Price. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1423251832478-LT41C3ZWHSUHKXBPD4YA/image-asset.jpeg Case Studies Anne Fox, “White House,” Flickr, CC BY 2.0 license. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1427492713271-TAN925OXCHBX3AGTFRDF/Meeting Case Studies Photo credit: The Open University, “Ian Roddis, Lucian Hudson and Ginny Broad,” Flickr, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 license. https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/dustin-a-lewis daily 0.75 2025-10-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1404411410674-CI77OM3F5PD0FUCQONCC/09_20_13_Campus_Shots_BKraft036.JPG Dustin A. Lewis https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/9bdc48d5-b2d6-48fb-bfff-cce2a8957297/2025_09_11_PILAC-Dustin-Lewis_LGranger_005.JPG Dustin A. Lewis Credit: Lorin Granger. https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/professor-gabriella-blum daily 0.75 2023-04-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1404754187513-DPKSY65NTOKBPEP5BJGX/2000_PFarnsworth_LangdellHall22.JPG Gabriella Blum https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1404416019451-EAJDZIF43T8AHFCYQQUC/Rita+H.+Hauser+Professor+of+Human+Rights+and+Humanitarian+Law+Gabriella+Blum%2C+HLS+PILAC+Faculty+Director Gabriella Blum Rita H. Hauser Professor of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Gabriella Blum, HLS PILAC Faculty Director https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/counterterrorism-and-humanitarian-engagement-project daily 0.75 2023-03-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1447274767023-HHQGKZN7IF0RU6CA8WOI/6473649211_4605986d4c_b.jpg Counterterrorism & Humanitarian Engagement Project https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1516744260834-2BABOHCGG359ZSBPIXL2/Graphical+Representation+of+the+Pilot+Empirical+Survey+Study+%E2%80%94+Yes+Answers%2C+by+Gloria+Chang%2C+HLS+PILAC%2C+2017 Counterterrorism & Humanitarian Engagement Project Graphical Representation of the Pilot Empirical Survey Study — Yes Answers, by Gloria Chang, HLS PILAC, 2017 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1516744356166-0LEV0R6ID7VQDHSIUJU7/Graphical+Representation+of+the+Pilot+Empirical+Survey+Study+%E2%80%94+Unknown+Answers%2C+by+Gloria+Chang%2C+HLS+PILAC%2C+2017 Counterterrorism & Humanitarian Engagement Project Graphical Representation of the Pilot Empirical Survey Study — Unknown Answers, by Gloria Chang, HLS PILAC, 2017 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1516744400504-9AJ2J1S7EL270748914D/Graphical+Representation+of+the+Pilot+Empirical+Survey+Study+%E2%80%94+No+Answers%2C+by+Gloria+Chang%2C+HLS+PILAC%2C+2017 Counterterrorism & Humanitarian Engagement Project Graphical Representation of the Pilot Empirical Survey Study — No Answers, by Gloria Chang, HLS PILAC, 2017 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/naz-k-modirzadeh daily 0.75 2026-01-22 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1403025570330-2ELG9HD3WCZRY9WQYMRB/2000_PFarnsworth_AustinHall02.JPG Naz K. Modirzadeh https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/22c4efd7-2965-480c-bf1d-80afec9d2221/Modrizadeh_Naz.jpg Naz K. Modirzadeh Naz K. Modirzadeh, HLS Professor of Practice and HLS PILAC Founding Director. Photo credit: CRISISGROUP/Kevin Abosch. https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/commanding-knowledge-the-line-of-fire-in-the-ihl-principle-of-proportionality daily 0.75 2015-11-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1447275073153-K9P782ACIMXNFTVLQ9RG/7309950068_57692617dd_b.jpg Commanding Knowledge https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/the-goals-of-war-and-wars-end daily 0.75 2022-05-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1488018988828-NI4KLYDR6ACIU7WWJI62/150608-F-QN515-155.JPG The Goals of War & War’s End https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/extraterritorial-use-of-lethal-force daily 0.75 2018-02-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1447274995666-NPHN7Z9EHPY4SMKXI315/5218339605_4193960093_b.jpg Extraterritorial Use of Lethal Force https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/jennifer-allison daily 0.75 2018-08-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1421257198076-F3XIO9CD5B88GVA6JQ2I/2148100-R1-036-16A.jpg Jennifer Allison https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1421256695568-WGJARGJMTVRQ352FGIRI/image-asset.png Jennifer Allison Jennifer Allison, HLS Library Liaison to PILAC https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/americas-region-efforts-home daily 0.75 2022-04-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1427745799822-VRCW40FMNNBNVHR7BSW1/7346792002_2364268ce2_o.jpg Americas Region Efforts Home https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/africa-region-efforts-home daily 0.75 2022-04-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1427740969359-1IOK8ALP96R15SKL3YJ4/5853267264_fd8372dd68_o.jpg Africa Region Efforts Home https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/united-nations-efforts-home daily 0.75 2022-04-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1427721002452-GD8WVSOMQ80TXIPXF7B2/571557.jpg United Nations Efforts Home https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/international-counterterrorism-efforts-background daily 0.75 2022-04-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1425129001950-IK5E76FB1KRXDX426G10/1380155832_3daed104ac_o.jpg International Counterterrorism Efforts Background https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/multi-regional-efforts-home daily 0.75 2022-04-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1427740205218-W340VI0FH0IQ7ROOQD7P/15334969032_bbcf10830c_o.jpg Multi-regional Efforts Home https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/europe-region-efforts-home daily 0.75 2022-04-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1427746147955-EVSR0EIATG7W4E7SC72Q/8074748895_c98895ae39_o.jpg Europe Region Efforts Home https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/asia-pacific-region-efforts-home daily 0.75 2022-04-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1427741308667-MPS22QDX2DO14G3LE0FT/10999866286_095dd9f98a_o.jpg Asia and Pacific Region Efforts Home https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/suppressing-foreign-terrorist-fighters-and-supporting-principled-humanitarian-action daily 0.75 2022-04-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1428061951276-LM1Z9EWSFQ2ADHAJJILT/2000_PFarnsworth_AustinHall02.JPG Suppressing Foreign Terrorist Fighters and Supporting Principled Humanitarian Action https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/briefing-report-suppressing-ftfs-and-supporting-pha daily 0.75 2022-05-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1443672183648-FQLY787IJECLY6VJ1EW5/14274698678_e644bd4d72_k+%281%29.jpg Briefing Report: Suppressing FTFs and Supporting PHA https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/medical-care-in-armed-conflict-report daily 0.75 2022-06-02 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1441205260938-UWJMJM6R2SPACOZ5PQSR/14848260943_0bf48e32b5_k+%284%29.jpg Medical Care in Armed Conflict Report https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/michael-n-schmitt daily 0.75 2025-10-29 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1444080244011-IDWXTEYFBZUGOSKQK5FC/DydykLangdel.jpg Michael N. Schmitt https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1411130259685-U71AZ99J9211ZB5NSH4L/image-asset.jpeg Michael N. Schmitt Michael N. Schmitt https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/tallinn-20-project daily 0.75 2015-11-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1447259929976-OTXO1I23PYGLSMUUO6T4/20607701226_4eaa5e3458_k.jpg Tallinn 2.0 Project https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/mona-ali-khalil daily 0.75 2025-07-21 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1455026683148-6HKUK7DRAAR2EPG74Z9D/040710_HLS_291.jpg Mona Ali Khalil https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/57cf63f9-aeea-454a-bd68-05e2c1e48396/MAK+2023.jpg Mona Ali Khalil Mona Ali Khalil https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/aws daily 0.75 2022-05-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1458740861919-7U26VN6YTJ5VMZFZ7QI7/21159540915_669e3c74f6_b.jpg War Algorithms https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/jessica-s-burniske daily 0.75 2021-01-04 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1459975472189-0F1Q5XVOETMD5T1BCA2H/09_20_13_Campus_Shots_BKraft036.JPG Jessica S. Burniske https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1572623300777-ZJ2K3PARV1U8QJHQNFD9/Jessica+S.+Burniske%2C+HLS+PILAC+Senior+Law+and+Policy+Associate Jessica S. Burniske Jessica S. Burniske, HLS PILAC Senior Law and Policy Associate https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/scott-r-anderson daily 0.75 2017-08-31 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1473865731325-EGSQ68TCARRHRLXFX78X/11_08_11+Howell+Jackson-Campus_Rinaldo071.JPG Scott R. Anderson https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1474055878890-NHFZGVE9EZISS9X03ZWK/Scott+R.+Anderson%2C+PILAC+Research+Fellow%2C+2016%E2%80%9317 Scott R. Anderson Scott R. Anderson https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/eventsdup daily 0.75 2016-11-08 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1428775700636-PN8OUPRXY0Z7XWGE4K01/11_08_11+Howell+Jackson-Campus_Rinaldo071.JPG EventsdUP https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/tim-mcallister daily 0.75 2017-04-25 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1492104307658-QRVG5DB5GS0BKUNZOFZE/2000_PFarnsworth_LangdellHall22.JPG Tim McAllister https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1492103635723-J0Q74LX22D0B953MZ6US/Tim+McAllister Tim McAllister Tim McAllister, HLS PILAC Liaison to the HLS Library https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/ansas daily 0.75 2022-05-05 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1497454717057-D3F0ENJMBBMK6M06N2O7/24368.jpg ANSAs https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/stephen-townley daily 0.75 2017-12-06 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1512550776883-25SDWXSEETU0ZO9SXYWI/2148100-R1-024-10A.jpg Stephen Townley https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1512550339032-NDFFESG8CCQI0Z1HOS3K/Stephen+Townley Stephen Townley Stephen Townley https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/selfdefense-states-silence-and-the-security-council daily 0.75 2022-04-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1519761691665-I8GOV129ZYVXWRXQOCRG/15625929161_9b9298b801_h.jpg Self-defense, States' Silence, and the Security Council https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/privacy-policy daily 0.75 2018-05-22 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/the-costs-of-compliance-with-counterterrorism-measures daily 0.75 2022-04-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1531247890273-3ZBZ06ILCCM995EQFKDA/3042123437_3dd396de6c_o.jpg The Costs of Compliance with Counterterrorism Measures https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/international-legal-and-policy-dimensions-of-war-algorithms daily 0.75 2022-11-03 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1534875267281-O3C7LXL9JLE9S60C8H0A/Background+web+-+war+algorithms+%282%29.png International Legal and Policy Dimensions of War Algorithms: Enduring and Emerging Concerns https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/unsc-briefing daily 0.75 2022-04-15 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1554118606183-DFZODJAKIE3OOVOHFWC4/IMG_20181018_090721-PANO.jpg UN Security Council Briefing on IHL and Counter-terrorism Measures https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/quantum-of-silence daily 0.75 2025-10-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1563308470873-IZT7BK9YIM6YHHNS8I96/713843.jpg Quantum of Silence https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/quantum-of-silence-web-version daily 0.75 2022-04-15 https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/pablo-a-arrocha-olabuenaga daily 0.75 2019-09-23 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1569247221378-MDLPR3CVB4HHASWVAUP5/2000_PFarnsworth_LangdellHall22.JPG Pablo A. 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https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1682537329195-FOL3Y1H1V042NN2A2RV5/UN739878_a80_.jpg UNSC Practice Concerning the Environment https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/daniel-levinespound daily 0.75 2024-01-30 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1444080244011-IDWXTEYFBZUGOSKQK5FC/DydykLangdel.jpg Daniel Levine-Spound https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/fbb7f7e1-cc3c-438b-9c52-5b7c08deabb4/DLS.jpg Daniel Levine-Spound Daniel Levine-Spound, Program Fellow, HLS Program on International Law and Armed Conflict https://pilac.law.harvard.edu/res-2664-and-counterterrorism-measures daily 0.75 2024-03-27 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/538c6881e4b09454bcb35f25/1710957494513-NREQ5B3W7E0EM6DGU1HS/2664+background.png Res. 2664 and Counterterrorism Measures 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