Note: More information about this PILAC Project as well as the full version of the Briefing Report are available here [link].
Bibliography
Online Resources
The Ethical Autonomy Project of the Center for a New American Security (CNAS) maintains a Bibliography at http://www.cnas.org/research/defense-strategies-and-assessments/20YY-Warfare-Initiative/Ethical-Autonomy/bibliography.
The United Nations Office in Geneva maintains web pages that host papers produced by and statements given by states—as well as materials produced by non-state commentators—in relation to “Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems” in the context of the CCW at http://www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943/(httpPages)/8FA3C2562A60FF81C1257CE600393DF6?OpenDocument.
Sources
Keith Abney, Autonomous Robots and the Future of Just War Theory, in Routledge handbook of the law of armed conflict (Rain Liivoja & Timothy L. H. McCormack eds., 2016).
Benjamin Adler et al., Autonomous Exploration of Urban Environments Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, 31 J. Field Robotics 912 (2014).
Sarah Ahern, International criminal law and autonomous weapons: a challenge less considered, ILA Reporter (Dec. 3, 2015), http://ilareporter.org.au/tag/autonomous-weapons/.
Autonomous Weapon Systems: The Need for Meaningful Human Control, 97 Advisory Council on International Affairs (AIV), 26 Advisory Committee on Issues of Public International Law (CAVV), Oct. 2015.
Edwin F. Albertsworth, The Machine-Age Mind and Legal Developments, 20 Ky. L. J. 416 (1931).
Brad Allenby, Emerging Technologies and the Future of Humanity, 71 Bull. Atomic Sci. 29 (2015).
Philip Alston, Lethal Robotic Technologies: The Implications for Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law, 21 J.L. Info. & Sci. 35 (2011).
Jürgen Altmann et al., Armed military robots: editorial, 15 Ethics & Info. Tech. 73 (2013).
Jürgen Altmann, Arms control for armed uninhabited vehicles: an ethical issue, 15 Ethics & Info. Tech. 137 (2013).
赤坂 亮太 アカサカ リョウタ & R. Alasaka, Product Liability for Autonomous Robots: in Regard to Concept of Defect and State-of-art, 13 情報ネットワーク・ローレビュー / 情報ネットワーク法学会 編 (Inf. Netw. L. Rev.) 103 (2014).
Amnesty International, Moratorium on Fully Autonomous Robotic Weapons Needed to Allow the UN to Consider Fully Their Far-Reaching Implications and Protect Human Rights, Written statement submitted by Amnesty International, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/23/NGO/106 (May 22, 2013).
Kenneth Anderson et al., Adapting the Law of Armed Conflict to Autonomous Weapon Systems, 90 Int’l L. Stud. 386 (2014).
Kenneth Anderson, Comparing The Strategic And Legal Features Of Cyberwar, Drone Warfare, And Autonomous Weapon Systems, Hoover Inst. (Feb. 27, 2015), http://www.hoover.org/research/comparing-strategic-and-legal-features-cyberwar-drone-warfare-and-autonomous-weapon-systems.
Kenneth Anderson & Matthew Waxman, Law and Ethics for Autonomous Weapon Systems: Why a Ban Won’t Work and How the Laws of War Can, Hoover Inst. (2013).
Kenneth Anderson & Matthew Waxman, Law and Ethics for Robot Soldiers, Pol’y Rev. (2012).
Kenneth Anderson & Matthew Waxman, Similar Ethical Dilemmas for Autonomous Weapon Systems and Autonomous Self-Driving Cars, Lawfare (Nov. 6, 2015), https://www.lawfareblog.com/similar-ethical-dilemmas-autonomous-weapon-systems-and-autonomous-self-driving-cars.
Kenneth Anderson & Matthew Waxman, Threats, Signaling Behavior, Assertiveness & Aggression in Autonomous Robot-Human Competitive Strategic Interactions: Comparing Regimes of Ethical and Legal Accountability Between Self-Driving Vehicles and Autonomous Lethal Weapon Systems, Address at the We Robot 2013 Conference on Legal and Policy Issues Relating to Robotics (Stanford University Apr. 2013).
Defense Applications of Artificial Intelligence (Stephen J. Andriole & Gerald W. Hopple eds., 1988).
לירן ענתבי, הידרשות האו"ם למערכות נשק אוטונומיות - הזדמנות מוחמצת?, מבט על 707 (המכון למחקרי ביטחון לאומי, 2015).
Ronald C. Arkin, Governing Lethal Behavior: Embedding Ethics in a Hybrid Deliberative/Reactive Robot Architecture, 2008 3rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (Terry Fong et al. eds., 2008).
Ronald C. Arkin, Governing Lethal Behavior in Autonomous Robots (2009).
Ronald Arkin, The Case for Banning Killer Robots: Counterpoint, 58 Comm. ACM 46 (2015).
Ronald Arkin, The Case for Ethical Autonomy in Unmanned Systems, 9 J. Mil. Ethics 332 (2010).
Thomas Arnold & Matthias Scheutz, Against the Moral Turing Test: Accountable Design and the Moral Reasoning of Autonomous Systems, 18 Ethics & Info. Tech. 103 (2016).
Peter M. Asaro, A Body to Kick, but Still No Soul to Damn: Legal Perspectives on Robotics, in Robot Ethics: The Ethical and Social Implications of Robotics 169 (Patrick Lin et al. eds., 2012).
Peter Asaro, On Banning Autonomous Weapon Systems: Human Rights, Automation, and the Dehumanization of Lethal Decision-Making, 94 Int’l Rev. Red Cross 687 (2012).
Peter M. Asaro, Remote-Control Crimes, 18 IEEE Robotics & Automation Mag. 68 (2011).
Peter M. Asaro, Determinism, machine agency, and responsibility, Politica & Societá 265 (2014).
Peter M. Asaro, Jus Nascendi, Robotic Weapons and the Martens Clause, in Robot law (Ryan Calo et al. eds., 2016).
Peter M. Asaro, The Liability Problem for Autonomous Artificial Agents, 2016 AAAI Spring Symposium Series (March 21, 2016).
Alan Backstrom & Ian Henderson, New Capabilities in Warfare: An Overview of Contemporary Technological Developments and the Associated Legal and Engineering Issues in Article 36 Weapons Reviews, 94 Int’l Rev. Red Cross 483 (2012).
Jack M. Balkin, The Path of Robotics Law, 6 Calif. L. Rev. Circuit 45 (2015).
Michael Barnes et al., Five Requisites for Human-Agent Decision Sharing in Military Environments, in Advances in Human Factors in Robots and Unmanned Systems (Pamela Savage-Knepshield & Jessie Chen eds., 2016).
Michael J. Barnes et al., Designing for Humans in Autonomous Systems: Military Applications, U.S. Army Research Laboratory (2014).
Jack M. Beard, Autonomous Weapons and Human Responsibilities, 45 Geo. J. Int’l L. 617 (2013).
Jack M. Beard, Legal Phantoms in Cyberspace: The Problematic Status of Information as a Weapon and a Target Under International Humanitarian Law, 47 Vand. J. Transnat’l L. 67 (2014).
Susanne Beck, The Problem of Ascribing Legal Responsibility in the Case of Robotics, 31 AI & Soc’y 1 (2015).
Aline Belloni et al., Dealing with Ethical Conflicts in Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, Workshops at the Twenty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (2015).
Ben-Naftali & Z. Triger, The Human Conditioning: International Law and Science-Fiction, Law, Culture and the Humanities (2013).
Roger Berkowitz, Drones and the Question of “The Human,” 28 Ethics & Int’l Aff. 159 (2014).
Vincent Bernard, Editorial: Science Cannot Be Placed above Its Consequences, 94 Int’l Rev. Red Cross 457 (2012).
Fiona Berreby et al., Modelling Moral Reasoning and Ethical Responsibility with Logic Programming, in Logic for Programming, Artificial Intelligence, and Reasoning: 20th International Conference, LPAR-20 2015, Suva, Fiji, November 24-28, 2015, Proceedings 532 (Martin Davis et al. eds., 2015).
Autonomous Weapons Systems: Law, Ethics, Policy (Nehal Bhuta et al. eds., 2016).
Matthias Biere & Marcel Dickow, Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Future Challenges, CSS Analyses in Sec. Pol’y (2014).
Gwendelynn Bills, LAWS unto Themselves: Controlling the Development and Use of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, 83 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. 176 (2015).
Wendy Blanks, Militaries’ Growing Use of Ground Robots Raises Ethics Concerns, The Sleuth Journal (May 21, 2013), http://www.thesleuthjournal.com/militaries-growing-use-of-ground-robots-raises-ethics-concerns/.
Olivier Boissier et al., A Roadmap towards Ethical Autonomous Agents, Ethicaa: Éthique & Agents autonomes (2015).
Jeroen van Den Boogaard, Proportionality and Autonomous Weapons Systems, J. Int’l Hum.. Legal Stud. (2016).
Bill Boothby, Autonomous Attack—Opportunity or Spectre?, in Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2013 71 (Terry D. Gill et al. eds., 2015).
William Boothby, Some Legal Challenges Posed by Remote Attack, 94 Int’l Rev. Red Cross 579 (2012).
William H. Boothby, Interacting Technologies and Legal Challenge, in Conflict Law 97 (2014).
Jason Borenstein, The Ethics of Autonomous Military Robots, 2 Stud. Ethics, L., & Tech. (2008).
John Borrie, Understanding Different Types of Risk: Unintentional Risks, Address at the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Conference on Understanding Different Types of Risk (2016).
Ujjayini Bose, The Black Box Solution to Autonomous Liability, 92 Wash. U. L. Rev. 1325 (2015).
Jan Broersen, Responsible Intelligent Systems: The REINS Project, 28 Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) 209 (2014).
Hanna Brollowski, Military Robots and the Principle of Humanity: Distorting the Human Face of the Law, in Armed Conflict and International Law: In Search of the Human Face 53 (Mariëlle Matthee et al. eds., 2013).
Laura Burgess, Autonomous Legal Reasoning? Legal and Ethical Issues in the Technologies of Conflict, ICRC Intercross Blog (Dec. 7, 2015), http://intercrossblog.icrc.org/blog/048x5za4aqeztdiu3r8f96s8m7lzom.
Robot Law (Ryan Calo et al. eds., 2016).
Ryan Calo, Robotics and the Lessons of Cyberlaw, 103 Calif. L. Rev. 513 (2015).
M.C. Canellas & R.A. Haga, Toward Meaningful Human Control of Autonomous Weapons Systems through Function Allocation, 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS) 1 (Nov. 2015).
Charli Carpenter, Beware the Killer Robots, Foreign Affairs (Jul. 9, 2013), https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2013-07-03/beware-killer-robots.
Julie Carpenter, The Quiet Professional: An Investigation of U.S. Military Explosive Ordnance Disposal Personnel Interactions with Everyday Field Robots (2013) (unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Washington).
Charli Carpenter, Vetting the Advocacy Agenda: Network Centrality and the Paradox of Weapons Norms, 65 Int’l Org. 69 (2011).
Jeffrey Carr, Responsible Attribution: A Prerequisite for Accountability, Tallinn Papers No. 6, NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE) (2014).
Kelly Cass, Autonomous Weapons and Accountability: Seeking Solutions in the Law of War, 48 Loy. L.A. L. Rev. 1017 (2015).
Jeffrey L. Caton, Autonomous Weapon Systems: A Brief Survey of Developmental, Operational, Legal, and Ethical Issues (Strategic Studies Institute ed., 2015).
Marc Champagne & Ryan Tonkens, Bridging the Responsibility Gap in Automated Warfare, 28 Phil. & Tech. 125 (2015).
Monika Chansoria, To Ban or Regulate Autonomous Weapons: An Indian Response, 72 Bull.Atomic Sci. 120 (2016).
Thompson Chengeta, Accountability Gap, Autonomous Weapon Systems and Modes of Responsibility in International Law (Social Science Research Network Working Paper Series, 2016).
Thompson Chengeta, Are Autonomous Weapon Systems the Subject of Article 36 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions? (Social Science Research Network Working Paper Series, 2016).
Thompson Chengeta, Can Robocop “Serve and Protect” within the Confines of Law Enforcement Rules? (Social Science Research Network Working Paper Series, 2016).
Thompson Chengeta, Defining the Emerging Notion of “Meaningful Human Control” in Autonomous Weapon Systems (AWS) 2016 (Social Science Research Network Working Paper Series, 2016).
Thompson Chengeta, Dignity and Autonomous Weapon Systems Debate: An African Perspective (Social Science Research Network Working Paper Series, 2016).
Thompson Chengeta, Measuring Autonomous Weapon Systems Against International Humanitarian Law Rules (Social Science Research Network Working Paper Series, 2016).
Jessie Y.C. Chen, Individual Differences in Human-Robot Interaction in a Military Multitasking Environment, 5 J. Cognitive Engineering & Decision Making 83 (2011).
Jessie Y.C. Chen & Michael J. Barnes, Human-Agent Teaming for Multirobot Control: A Review of Human Factors Issues, 44 IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 13 (2014).
Jessie YC Chen & Michael J. Barnes, Supervisory Control of Multiple Robots in Dynamic Tasking Environments, 55 Ergonomics 1043 (2012).
Ting Chen et al., Increasing Autonomy Transparency through Capability Communication in Multiple Heterogeneous UAV Management, in 2015 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) (2015).
George Cho, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Emerging Policy and Regulatory Issues, 22 J.L. Info. & Sci. 201 (2012).
Samir Chopra & Laurence F. White, A Legal Theory for Autonomous Artificial Agents (2011).
Danielle Keats Citron & Frank A. Pasquale, The Scored Society: Due Process for Automated Predictions, 89 Wash. L. Rev. 1 (2014).
Ben Clarke, Arming Drones for Law Enforcement: Challenges and Opportunities for the Protection of Human Life (Social Science Research Network Working Paper Series, 2013).
Mark Coeckelbergh, Drones, Information Technology, and Distance: Mapping the Moral Epistemology of Remote Fighting, 15 Ethics & Info. Tech. 87 (2013).
Mark Coeckelbergh, From Killer Machines to Doctrines and Swarms, or Why Ethics of Military Robotics Is Not (Necessarily) About Robots, 24 Phil. & Tech. 269 (2011).
Nicolas Cointe et al., Ethical Judgment of Agents’ Behaviors in Multi-Agent Systems, International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (May 3, 2016).
Roberto Cordeschi, Automatic Decision-Making and Reliability in Robotic Systems: Some Implications in the Case of Robot Weapons, 28 AI & Soc’y 431 (2013).
Geoffrey Corn, Autonomous Weapon Systems: Managing the Inevitability of “Taking the Man out of the Loop” (Social Science Research Network Working Paper Series, 2014).
Geoffrey S. Corn et al., The Law of Armed Conflict: An Operational Approach, 94 Int’l Rev. Red Cross 855 (2012).
Rebecca Crootof, The Killer Robots Are Here: Legal and Policy Implications, 36 Cardozo L. Rev. 1837 (2014).
Rebecca Crootof, The Meaning of “Meaningful Human Control” (Social Science Research Network Working Paper Series, 2015).
Rebecca Crootof, The Varied Law of Autonomous Weapon Systems, in Autonomous systems: Issues for Defence Policymakers (Andrew P. Williams & Paul D. Scharre eds., 2015).
Rebecca Crootof, War, Responsibility, and Killer Robots, 40 N.C. J. Int’l L. & Com. Reg. 909 (2015).
Rebecca Crootof, War Torts: Accountability for Autonomous Weapons Systems, 164 U. Penn. L. Rev. (forthcoming June 2016), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2657680.
Rebecca Crootof, Why the Prohibition on Permanently Blinding Lasers is Poor Precedent for a Ban on Autonomous Weapon Systems, Lawfare (Nov. 24, 2015), https://www.lawfareblog.com/why-prohibition-permanently-blinding-lasers-poor-precedent-ban-autonomous-weapon-systems.
Kathleen Bartzen Culver, From Battlefield to Newsroom: Ethical Implications of Drone Technology in Journalism, 29 J. Mass Media Ethics 52 (2014).
Mary L. Cummings, Automation and Accountability in Decision Support System Interface Design, 32 J.Tech. Stud. (2006).
John Danaher, Robots, Law and the Retribution Gap, J. Ethics & Info. Tech. 1 (2016).
Peter Danielson, Engaging the Public in the Ethics of Robots for War and Peace, 24 Phil. & Tech. 239 (2011).
Jovana Davidovic, Should the Changing Character of War Affect Our Theories of War?, 19 Ethical Theory & Moral Prac. 603 (2016).
Jason S. DeSon, Automating the Right Stuff? The Hidden Ramifications of Ensuring Autonomous Aerial Weapon Systems Comply with International Humanitarian Law, 72 A.F. L. Rev. 85 (2015).
Marcel Dickow et al., First Steps towards a Multidimensional Autonomy Risk Assessment (MARA) in Weapons Systems (German Institute for International and Security Affairs, Working Paper No. 5, 2015).
Ezio Di Nucci & Filippo Santoni de Sio, Who’s Afraid of Robots? Fear of Automation and the Ideal of Direct Control, in Roboethics in film (Fiorella Battaglia & Natalie Weidenfeld eds., 2014).
Bonnie Docherty et. al., Losing Humanity: The Case against Killer Robots (Human Rights Watch 2012).
Bonnie Docherty et al., Shaking the Foundations: The Human Rights Implications of Killer Robots (Human Rights Watch 2014).
Gordana Dodig Crnkovic & Baran Çürüklü, Robots: Ethical by Design, 14 Ethics & Info. Tech. 61 (2012).
Neelke Doorn, A Rawlsian Approach to Distribute Responsibilities in Networks, 16 Sci. & Engineering Ethics 221 (2010).
Neelke Doorn, Responsibility Ascriptions in Technology Development and Engineering: Three Perspectives, 18 Sci. & Engineering Ethics 69 (2012).
U.S. Army Combined Arms Center, Combat Studies Institute, Robots on the Battlefield: Contemporary Perspectives and Implications for the Future (Ronan Douaré et al. eds., 2014).
Aaron M. Drake, Current U.S. Air Force Drone Operations and Their Conduct in Compliance with International Humanitarian Law - An Overview, 39 Denv. J. Int’l L. & Pol’y 629 (2010).
Cordula Droege, Get off My Cloud: Cyber Warfare, International Humanitarian Law, and the Protection of Civilians, 94 Int’l Rev. Red Cross 533 (2012).
Charles J. Dunlap Jr., Accountability and Autonomous Weapons: Much Ado About Nothing?, Temp. Int’l & Comp. L.J. (forthcoming 2016).
The Means to Kill: Essays on the Interdependence of War and Technology from Ancient Rome to the Age of Drones (G. Dworok & F. Jacob eds., 2016).
Kjølv Egeland, Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems under International Humanitarian Law, 85 Nordic J. Int’l L. 89 (2016).
Kjølv Egeland, Machine Autonomy and the Uncanny: Recasting Ethical, Legal, and Operational Implications of the Development of Autonomous Weapon Systems (Spring 2014) (unpublished Master’s Thesis in Political Science, University of Oslo).
Kristen E. Eichensehr, Cyberwar & International Law Step Zero, 50 Tex. Int’l L.J. 357 (2015).
Merel Ekelhof, “Are you smarter than Professor Hawking?” Higher Forces and Gut-Feelings in the Debate on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, EJIL: Talk! (Apr. 27, 2016), http://www.ejiltalk.org/are-you-smarter-than-professor-hawking-higher-forces-and-gut-feelings-in-the-debate-on-lethal-autonomous-weapons-systems/.
Roni A. Elias, Facing the Brave New World of Killer Robots: Adapting the Development of Autonomous Weapons Systems into the Framework of the International Law of War, 3 Indon. J. Int’l & Comp. L. 101 (2016).
Linda R. Elliott et al., Robotic Telepresence: Perception, Performance, and User Experience, U.S. Army Research Laboratory (2012).
Christian Enemark, Armed Drones and the Ethics of War: Military Virtue in a Post-Heroic Age (2014).
Matthias Englert et al., Logical Limitations to Machine Ethics with Consequences to Lethal Autonomous Weapons (2014).
The Computational Turn: Past, presents, futures? Proceedings of the First International Conference of the International Association for Computing and Philosophy (IACAP) (Charles Ess & Ruth Hagengruber eds., 2011).
Tyler D. Evans, At War with the Robots: Autonomous Weapon Systems and the Martens Clause, 41 Hofstra L. Rev. 697 (2012).
Anthony Finn & Steve Scheding, Developments and Challenges for Autonomous Unmanned Vehicles: A Compendium, Volume 3 (2010).
FLI, AI Open Letter: Research Priorities for Robust and Beneficial Artificial Intelligence, Future of Life Institute (FLI), http://futureoflife.org/ai-open-letter/.
Lt. Col. Christopher M. Ford, Stockton Center for the Study of International Law, Remarks at the 2016 Informal Meeting of Experts, at 4, UN Office in Geneva (April 2016), http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/D4FCD1D20DB21431C1257F9B0050B318/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_presentations_challengestoIHL_fordnotes.pdf.
James Foy, Autonomous Weapons Systems: Taking the Human out of International Humanitarian Law, 23 Dalhousie J. Legal Stud. 47 (2014).
Patricia K. Freeman & Robert S. Freeland, Media Framing the Reception of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in the United States of America, 44 Tech. in Soc’y 23 (2016).
Michael Froomkin & P. Zak Colangelo, Self-Defense Against Robots and Drones, 48 Conn. L. Rev. 1 (2015).
George Galdorisi, Designing Autonomous Systems for Warfighters: Keeping Humans in the Loop, Small Wars Journal (2016).
Jai Galliott, Military Robots: Mapping the Moral Landscape (2015).
Jai C. Galliott, Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles and the Asymmetry Objection: A Response to Strawser, 11 J. Mil. Ethics 58 (2012).
Denise Garcia, Killer Robots: Why the US Should Lead the Ban, 6 Global Pol’y 57 (2015).
Robin Geiß, Book Review, 24 Eur. J. Int’l L. 722 (2013) (reviewing Claire Finkelstein, Jens David Ohlin, and Andrew Altman (eds), Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World; Roland Otto, Targeted Killings and International Law; William H. Boothby, The Law of Targeting).
Robin Geiß, The International-Law Dimension of Autonomous Weapons Systems (2015).
Aaron Gevers, Is Johnny Five Alive or Did It Short Circuit? Can and Should an Artificially Intelligent Machine Be Held Accountable in War or is It Merely a Weapon?, 12 Rutgers J.L. & Pub. Pol’y 384 (2015).
Tony Gillespie, New Technologies and Design for the Laws of Armed Conflict, 160 The RUSI Journal 50 (2015).
Tony Gillespie & Robin West, Requirements for Autonomous Unmanned Air Systems Set by Legal Issues, 4 Int’l C2 J. 1 (2010).
Brendan Gogarty & Meredith Hagger, The Laws of Man over Vehicles Unmanned: The Legal Response to Robotic Revolution on Sea, Land and Air, 19 J.L. Info. & Sci. 73 (2010).
Michael A. Goodrich & Alan C. Schultz, Human-Robot Interaction: A Survey, 1 Foundations and Trends in Human-Computer Interaction 203 (2007).
Gov’t (Neth.), Government Response to AIV/CAVV Advisory Report no. 97, Autonomous Weapon Systems: The Need for Meaningful Human Control (2015), http://aiv-advice.nl/8gr#government-responses.
Gov’t of Fr., Characterization of a LAWS (April 11–15, 2016) (non-paper), http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/5FD844883B46FEACC1257F8F00401FF6/$file/2016_LAWSMX_CountryPaper_France+CharacterizationofaLAWS.pdf.
Gov’t of Switz., Towards a “Compliance-Based” Approach to LAWS [Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems] (March 30, 2016) (informal working paper), http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/D2D66A9C427958D6C1257F8700415473/$file/2016_LAWS+MX_CountryPaper+Switzerland.pdf.
Tjerk de Greef, Delegation and Responsibility: A Human-Machine Perspective, in Drones and responsibility: legal, philosophical and socio-technical perspectives on remotely controlled weapons 134 (Ezio Di Nucci & Filippo Santoni de Sio eds., 2016).
Tjerk de Greef & Alex Leveringhaus, Design for Responsibility: Safeguarding Moral Perception via a Partnership Architecture, 17 Cognition, Tech. & Work 319 (2015).
Florian Gros et al., Ethics and Authority Sharing for Autonomous Armed Robots, http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-885/paper1.pdf.
Oren Gross, Cyber Responsibility to Protect: Legal Obligations of States Directly Affected by Cyber-Incidents, 48 Cornell Int’l L.J. 481 (2015).
Oren Gross, The New Way of War: Is There a Duty to Use Drones?, 67 Fla. L. Rev. 1 (2015).
Oren Gross, When Machines Kill: Criminal Responsibility for International Crimes Committed by Lethal Autonomous Robots, Address at the We Robot 2012 Conference: Military Robotics Panel Presentation (Apr. 22, 2012).
Steven Groves, A Manual Adapting the Law of Armed Conflict to Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, (Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom Special Report No. 183, Apr. 7, 2016).
Grut, The Challenge of Autonomous Lethal Robotics to International Humanitarian Law, 18 J. Conflict & Sec. L. 5 (2013).
Mark Gubrud, Stopping Killer Robots, 70 Bull. Atomic Sci. 32 (2014).
Michael A. Guetlein, Lethal Autonomous Weapons - Ethical and Doctrinal Implications (Feb. 14, 2005) (Submitted to the faculty of the Naval War College in partial satisfaction of the requirements of the Department of Joint Military Operations).
The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour, The Machine Question: AI, Ethics and Moral Responsibility. Proceedings of the AISB/IACAP World Congress 2012 (David J. Gunkel et al. eds., 2012).
Alonso Dunkelberg Gurmendi, Laws for L.A.W.S.: Legal Challenges for the Use of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems in Times of Armed Conflict (Social Science Research Network Working Paper Series, 2016).
Gabriel Hallevy, “I, Robot - I, Criminal” - When Science Fiction Becomes Reality: Legal Liability of AI Robots Committing Criminal Offenses, 22 Syracuse Sci. & Tech. L. Rep. 1 (2010).
Gabriel Hallevy, The Matrix of Derivative Criminal Liability (2012).
Storrs Hall, Beyond AI: Creating the Conscience of the Machine (2007).
Daniel N. Hammond, Autonomous Weapons and the Problem of State Accountability, 15 Chi. J. Int’l L. 652 (2014).
Katherine L. Hanna, Old Laws, New Tricks: Drunk Driving and Autonomous Vehicles, 55 Jurimetrics J.L. Sci. & Tech. 275 (2015).
Maaike Harbers et al., Designing for Responsibility-Five Desiderata of Military Robots, Responsible Innovation Conference: Values and Valorisation (May 21, 2014).
Woodrow Hartzog et al., Inefficiently Automated Law Enforcement, 2015 Mich. State L. Rev. 1763 (2015).
Woodrow Hartzog, Unfair and Deceptive Robots, 74 Md. L. Rev. 785 (2015).
Titus Hattan, Lethal Autonomous Robots: Are They Legal under International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law?, 93 Neb. L. Rev. 1035 (2015).
Allyson Hauptman, Autonomous Weapons and the Law of Armed Conflict, 218 Mil. L. Rev. 170 (2013).
Brian F. Havel & John Q. Mulligan, Unmanned Aircraft Systems: A Challenge to Global Regulators, 65 DePaul L. Rev. 107 (2015).
Hannah Haviland, “The Machine Made Me Do It!”: An Exploration of Ascribing Agency and Responsibility to Decision Support Systems (May 2005) (unpublished Master’s Thesis in Applied Ethics, Linköpings University, Centre for Applied Ethics).
Thomas Hellström, On the Moral Responsibility of Military Robots, 15 Ethics & Info. Tech. 99 (2013).
Ian Henderson et al., Emerging Technology and Perfidy in Armed Conflict, 91 Int’l L. Stud. 468 (2015).
M.J. de C. Henshaw et al., Aiding Designers, Operators and Regulators to Deal with Legal and Ethical Considerations in the Design and Use of Lethal Autonomous Systems, in 2010 International Conference on Emerging Security Technologies (2010).
Jonathan David Herbach, Into the Caves of Steel: Precaution, Cognition and Robotic Weapon Systems Under the International Law of Armed Conflict, 4 Amsterdam L.F. 3 (2012).
Alexander Hevelke & Julian Nida-Rümelin, Responsibility for Crashes of Autonomous Vehicles: An Ethical Analysis, 21 Sci. & Engineering Ethics 619 (2015).
Patrick Chisan Hew, Artificial Moral Agents Are Infeasible with Foreseeable Technologies, 16 Ethics & Info. Tech. 197 (2014).
Patrick Chisan Hew, Preserving a Combat Commander’s Moral Agency: The Vincennes Incident as a Chinese Room, 18 Ethics & Info. Tech. 1 (2016).
Christof Heyns, Autonomous Weapons Systems: Living a Dignified Life and Dying a Dignified Death, in Autonomous Weapons systems: Law, Ethics, Policy (Nehal Bhuta et al. eds., 2016).
Christof Heyns, Human Rights and the Use of Autonomous Weapons Systems (AWS) During Domestic Law Enforcement, 38 Hum. Rts. Q. 350 (2016).
Human Law and Computer Law: Comparative Perspectives (Mireille Hildebrandt & Jeanne Gaakeer eds., 2013).
Morgan Hochheiser, The Truth behind Data Collection and Analysis, 32 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 32 (2015).
Duncan Hollis, Setting the Stage: Autonomous Legal Reasoning in International Humanitarian Law (Social Science Research Network Working Paper Series, 2016).
Joel Hood, The Equilibrium of Violence: Accountability in the Age of Autonomous Weapons Systems, 11 BYU Int’l L. & Mgmt. Rev. 12 (2015).
M.C. Horowitz, Public Opinion and the Politics of the Killer Robots Debate, 3 Res. & Pol. (2016).
Michael C. Horowitz, Coming next in Military Tech, 70 Bull. Atomic Sci. 54 (2014).
Michael C. Horowitz, The Looming Robotics Gap, Foreign Pol’y, (May 5, 2014).
Michael C. Horowitz & Paul D. Scharre, Do Killer Robots Save Lives?, Politico Magazine (Nov. 19, 2014), http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/11/killer-robots-save-lives-113010.html.
Patrick Hubbard, Do Androids Dream: Personhood and Intelligent Artifacts, 83 Temp. L. Rev. 405 (2011).
Review of the 2012 US Policy on Autonomy in Weapons Systems, Human Rights Watch (Apr. 15, 2013), https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/04/15/review-2012-us-policy-autonomy-weapons-systems.
Margaret Hu, Small Data Surveillance v. Big Data Cybersurveillance, 42 Pepp. L. Rev. 773 (2015).
Autonomous Weapon Systems: Technical, Military, Legal and Humanitarian Aspects, International Committee of the Red Cross Expert Meeting Report (March 26, 2014).
Report on International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts, 31st International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent 31IC/11/5.1.2 (Oct. 2011).
Report on International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts, 32nd International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent 32IC/15/11 (Dec. 8, 2015).
Inbar & J. Meyer, Manners Matter: Trust in Robotic Peacekeepers, 59 Proceedings Hum. Factors & Ergonomics Soc’y Annual Meeting 185 (Sept. 1, 2015).
D.R. Jacques et al., Optimization of an Autonomous Weapon System’s Operating Characteristic, 3 IEEE Systems J. 489 (2009).
Chris Jenks, False Rubicons, Moral Panic & Conceptual Cul-De-Sacs: Critiquing & Reframing the Call to Ban Lethal Automatic Weapons (Social Science Research Network Working Paper Series, 2016).
Chris Jenks, The Distraction of Full Autonomy and the Need to Refocus the CCW LAWS Discussion on Critical Functions, Social Science Research Network (SSRN) Electronic Journal (2016).
Eric Talbot Jensen, Emerging Technologies and LOAC Signaling, 91 Int’l L. Stud. 621 (2015).
Eric Talbot Jensen, Future War and the War Powers Resolution, 29 Emory Int’l L. Rev. 499 (2014).
Eric Talbot Jensen, Future War, Future Law, 22 Minn. J. Int’l L. 282 (2013).
Eric Talbot Jensen, The Future of the Law of Armed Conflict: Ostriches, Butterflies, and Nanobots, 35 Mich. J. Int’l L. 253 (2014).
Human-Robot Interactions in Future Military Operations (Florian Jentsch & Michael Barnes eds., 2012).
U.C. Jha, Killer Robots: Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems Legal, Ethical and Moral Challenges (2016).
Aaron M. Johnson & Sidney Axinn, The Morality of Autonoous Robots, 12 J. Mil. Ethics 129 (2013).
Deborah G. Johnson, Technology with No Human Responsibility?, 127 J. Bus. Ethics 707 (2015).
Deborah G. Johnson & Merel E. Noorman, Responsibility Practices in Robotic Warfare, 92 Mil. Rev. 12 (2014).
Jeffrey Kahn, Protection and Empire: The Martens Clause, State Sovereignty, and Individual Rights, 56 Va. J. Int’l L. 1 (2016).
David S. Kang et al., Draper Unmanned Vehicle Systems, 18 Robotica 263 (2000).
Benjamin Kastan, Autonomous Weapons Systems: A Coming Legal “Singularity”?, 2013 U.Ill. J.L. Tech. & Pol’y 45 (2013).
Jakob Kellenberger, International Humanitarian Law and New Weapon Technologies 34th Round Table on Current Issues of International Humanitarian Law, San Remo, 8–10 September 2011, 94 Int’l Rev. Red Cross 809 (2012).
Ian Kerr & Jason Millar, Delegation, Relinquishment and Responsibility: The Prospect of Expert Robots, in Robot law (Ryan Calo et al. eds., 2016).
Ian Kerr & Katie Szilagyi, Asleep at the Switch? How Killer Robots Become a Force Multiplier of Military Necessity, in Robot law (Ryan Calo et al. eds., 2016).
Kerr & K. Szilagyi, Evitable Conflicts, Inevitable Technologies? The Science and Fiction of Robotic Warfare and IHL, L. Culture & Human. (2014).
Kristine Kiernan, Human Factors Considerations in Autonomous Lethal Unmanned Aerial Systems, Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace International Research Conference (2015).
Michał Klincewicz, Autonomous Weapons Systems, the Frame Problem and Computer Security, 14 J. Mil. Ethics 162 (2015).
William J. Kohler & Alex Colbert-Taylor, Current Law and Potential Legal Issues Pertaining to Automated, Autonomous and Connected Vehicles, 31 Santa Clara Computer & High Tech. L.J. 99 (2015).
Michael Kolb, Soldier and Robot Interaction in Combat Environments (2012) (unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Oklahoma, Graduate College).
Christopher M. Kovach, Beyond Skynet: Reconciling Increased Autonomy in Computer-Based Weapons Systems with the Laws of War, 71 Air Force Law Review 231 (2014).
Вадим Козюлин & Альберт Ефимов, Новый Бонд — Машина с Лицензией на Убийство, 22 Индекс Безопасности 116, 17 (2016).
Krishnan, Killer Robots: Legality and Ethicality of Autonomous Weapons (2009).
Armin Krishnan, Automating War: The Need for Regulation, 30 Cont. Sec. Pol’y 172 (2011).
Tetyana (Tanya) Krupiy, A Case against Relying Solely on Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Technology to Identify Proposed Targets, 20 J. Conflict & Sec. L. 415 (2015).
Tetyana (Tanya) Krupiy, Of Souls, Spirits and Ghosts: Transposing the Application of the Rules of Targeting to Lethal Autonomous Robots, 16 Melbourne J. Int’l L. 145 (2015).
Artur Kuptel & Andy Williams, Policy Guidance: Autonomy in Defence Systems (Social Science Research Network Working Paper Series, 2014).
Matthew S. Larkin, Brave New Warfare: Autonomy in Lethal UAVs (Mar. 2011) (unpublished MSc in Management Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School).
Phil Lemmons, Autonomous Weapons and Human Responsibility (Editorial), 10 Byte 6 (1985).
Alex Leveringhaus, Autonomous Weaponry: Conceptual Issues, in Alex Leveringhaus, Ethics and Autonomous Weapons 31 (2016).
Alex Leveringhaus, Drones, Automated Targeting, and Moral Responsibility, in Drones and Responsibility: Legal, Philosophical and Socio-Technical Perspectives on Remotely Controlled Weapons 169 (Ezio Di Nucci & Filippo Santoni de Sio eds., 2016).
Alex Leveringhaus, Ethics and Autonomous Weapons (2016).
Alex Leveringhaus, Ethics and the Autonomous Weapons Debate, in Alex Leveringhaus, Ethics and Autonomous Weapons 1 (2016).
Alex Leveringhaus, From Warfare Without Humans to Warfare Without Responsibility?, in Alex Leveringhaus, Ethics and Autonomous Weapons 59 (2016).
Alex Leveringhaus, Human Agency and Artificial Agency in War, in Alex Leveringhaus, Ethics and Autonomous Weapons 89 (2016).
Alex Leveringhaus & Tjerk de Greef, Keeping the Human “in-the-Loop”: A Qualified Defence of Autonomous Weapons, in Precision Strike Warfare and International Intervention: Strategic, Ethico-Legal and Decisional Implications (Mike Aranson et al. eds., 2014).
John Lewis, The Case for Regulating Fully Autonomous Weapons, 124 Yale L.J. 1309 (2015).
Eliav Lieblich, Autonomous Weapons Systems and the Obligation to Exercise Discretion, Address at the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (Geneva Apr. 14, 2016).
Eliav Lieblich & Eyal Benvenisti, The Obligation to Exercise Discretion in Warfare: Why Autonomous Weapons Systems Are Unlawful, in Autonomous Weapons Systems: Law, Ethics, Policy (Nehal Bhuta et al. eds., 2016).
כלי נשק אוטונומיים ובעיית כבילת שיקול הדעת, צפוי להתפרסם בעיוני משפט
Rain Liijova et al., Emerging Technologies of Warfare, in Routledge Handbook of the Law of Armed Conflict (Rain Liivoja & Timothy L. H. McCormack eds., 2016).
黎辉辉著：《自主武器系统是合法的武器吗？——以国际人道法为视角》，载《中国政法大学研究生法学》第29卷第6期，2014年12月，第125-132页
Patrick Lin et al., Autonomous Military Robotics: Risk, Ethics, and Design (U.S. Department of Navy, Office of Naval Research Dec. 20, 2008).
Robot Ethics: The Ethical and Social Implications of Robotics (Patrick Lin et al. eds., 2012).
Patrick Lin, Cyber Norms: A Missing Link in the Autonomous Weapons Debate, Address at the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Conference on Interaction and Vulnerabilities (2015).
Patrick Lin, How Does Cyber Fit with Lethal Autonomous Weapons?, Address at the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Conference Considering the Drivers for the Weaponization of Increasingly Autonomous Technologies (2015).
Patrick Lin et al., Robot Ethics: Mapping the Issues for a Mechanized World, 175 Artificial Intelligence 942 (2011).
Patrick Lin, The Right to Life and the Martens Clause, Address at the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (Geneva Apr. 13, 2015).
Patrick Lin, Why Ethics Matters for Autonomous Cars, in Autonomous Driving 69 (Markus Maurer et al. eds., 2016).
Hin-Yan Liu, Categorization and Legality of Autonomous and Remote Weapons Systems, 94 Int’l Rev. Red Cross 627 (2012).
[美]廖显寅著：《自主和遥控武器系统的分类与合法性》，李强译，载《红十字国际评论》第94卷第886期，2012年，第145-174页
Hin-Yan Liu, Refining Responsibility: Differentiating Two Types of Responsibility Issues Raised by Autonomous Weapons Systems, in Autonomous Weapons systems: Law, Ethics, Policy (Nehal Bhuta et al. eds., 2016).
George R. Lucas Jr., Automated Warfare, 25 Stan. L. & Pol’y Rev. 317 (2014).
George R. Lucas Jr., Legal and Ethical Precepts Governing Emerging Military Technologies: Research and Use, 6 Amsterdam L.F. 23 (2014).
George R. Lucas Jr., Legal and Ethical Precepts Governing Emerging Military Technologies: Research and Use, 5 Utah L. Rev. 1271 (2013).
Bertram F. Malle, Integrating Robot Ethics and Machine Morality: The Study and Design of Moral Competence in Robots, Ethics & Info. Tech. 1 (2015).
Gary E. Marchant et al., International Governance of Autonomous Military Robots, 12 Colum. Sci. & Tech. L. Rev. 272 (2011).
Peter Margulies, Making Autonomous Weapons Accountable: Command Responsibility for Computer-Guided Lethal Force in Armed Conflicts, in Research Handbook on Remote Warfare (Jens David Ohlin ed., forthcoming 2016).
Christopher J. Markham & Michael N. Schmitt, Precision Air Warfare and the Law of Armed Conflict, 89 Int’l L. Stud. 669 (2013).
Markus Wagner, Beyond the Drone Debate: Autonomy in Tomorrow’s Battlespace, 106 Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law) 80 (2012).
William C. Marra & Sonia K. McNeil, Understanding “the Loop”: Regulating the Next Generation of War Machines, 36 Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol’y 1139 (2013).
Nicholas Marsh, Defining the Scope of Autonomy: Issues for the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots, (Peace Research Institute Oslo 2014).
Eve Massingham, Conflict without Casualties . . . a Note of Caution: Non-Lethal Weapons and International Humanitarian Law, 94 Int’l Rev. Red Cross 673 (2012).
Andreas Matthias, The Responsibility Gap: Ascribing Responsibility for the Actions of Learning Automata, 6 Ethics & Info. Tech. 175 (2004).
Julie A. Mccann et al., Can Self-Managed Systems Be Trusted? Some Views and Trends, 21 The Knowledge Engineering Rev. 239 (2006).
Tim McFarland, Factors Shaping the Legal Implications of Increasingly Autonomous Military Systems, FirstView Int’l Rev. of the Red Cross 1 (2016).
Tim McFarland, How Should Lawyers Think About Weapon Autonomy? (Social Science Research Network Working Paper Series, 2015).
Tim McFarland & Tim McCormack, Mind the Gap: Can Developers of Autonomous Weapons Systems Be Liable for War Crimes?, 90 Int’l L. Stud. 361 (2014).
C.D. Meyers, GI, Robot: The Ethics of Using Robots in Combat, 25 Pub. Affairs Q. 21 (2011).
Miller et al., Supervisory Decision-Making in Semi/Autonomous Systems, Proceedings Hum. Factors & Ergonomics Soc’y Annual Meeting 318 (2002).
Valerie Morkevicius, Tin Men: Ethics, Cybernetics and the Importance of Soul, 13 J. Mil. Ethics 3 (2014).
Nikil Mukerji, Autonomous Killer Drones, in Drones and Responsibility: Legal, Philosophical and Socio-Technical Perspectives on Remotely Controlled Weapons 197 (Ezio Di Nucci & Filippo Santoni de Sio eds., 2016).
Vincent C. Müller & Thomas W. Simpson, Autonomous Killer Robots Are Probably Good News, in Drones and Responsibility: Legal, Philosophical and Socio-Technical Perspectives on Remotely Controlled Weapons 67 (Ezio Di Nucci & Filippo Santoni de Sio eds., 2016).
Nyagudi Musandu, Humanitarian Algorithms: A Codified Key Safety Switch Protocol for Lethal Autonomy (2014).
Nardin, From Right to Intervene to Duty to Protect: Michael Walzer on Humanitarian Intervention, 24 Eur. J. Int’l L. 67 (2013).
Hitoshi Nasu, Nanotechnology and Challenges to International Humanitarian Law: A Preliminary Legal Assessment, 94 Int’l Rev. Red Cross 653 (2012).
Kevin Neslage, Does “Meaningful Human Control” Have Potential for the Regulation of Autonomous Weapon Systems?, 6 U. Miami Nat’l Sec. & Armed Conflict L. Rev. 151 (2015).
Michael A. Newton, Back to the Future: Reflections on the Advent of Autonomous Weapons System International Regulation of Emerging Military Technologies, 47 Case W. Res. J. Int’l L. 5 (2015).
Gregory P. Noone & Diana C. Noone, The Debate over Autonomous Weapons Systems, 47 Case W. Res. J. Int’l L. 25 (2015).
Merel E. Noorman, Responsibility Practices and Unmanned Military Technologies, 20 Sci. & Engineering Ethics 809 (2014).
Merel Noorman & Deborah G. Johnson, Negotiating Autonomy and Responsibility in Military Robots, 16 Ethics & Info. Tech. 51 (2014).
Karsten Nowrot, Animals at War: The Status of “Animal Soldiers” under International Humanitarian Law, 40 Historical Soc. Res./Historische Sozialforschung 128 (2015).
Mary Ellen O’Connell, 21st Century Arms Control Challenges: Drones, Cyber Weapons, Killer Robots, and WMDs, 13 Wash. U. Global Stud. L. Rev. 515 (2014).
Mary Ellen O’Connell, Banning Autonomous Killing, in The American Way of Bombing: Changing Ethical and Legal Norms, from Flying Fortresses to Drones (Matthew Evangelista & Henry Shue eds., 1st ed. 2014).
Jens David Ohlin, Combatant’s Stance: Autonomous Weapons on the Battlefield, The, 92 Int’l L. Stud. 1 (2016).
Peter Olsthoorn & Lambèr Royakkers, Risks and Robots – Some Ethical Issues (2011).
Richard M. O’Meara, The Rules of War and the Use of Unarmed, Remotely Operated Autonomous Robotics Systems, Platforms and Weapons . . . Some Cautions, Address at the We Robot 2012 Conference: Military Robotics Panel Presentation (Apr. 22, 2012).
Ugo Pagallo, Killers, Fridges, and Slaves: A Legal Journey in Robotics, 26 AI & Society 347 (2011).
Ugo Pagallo, Robots of Just War: A Legal Perspective, 24 Phil. & Tech. 307 (2011).
Ugo Pagallo, The Laws of Robots: Crimes, Contracts, and Torts (2013).
Ugo Pagallo, What Robots Want: Autonomous Machines, Codes and New Frontiers of Legal Responsibility, in Human Law and Computer Law: Comparative Perspectives 47 (Mireille Hildebrandt & Jeanne Gaakeer eds., 2013).
Adam Page, The Fallacy of Humane Killing: Interwar Debates about Air Power and Twenty-First Century “Killer Robots,” in The Means to Kill: Essays on the Interdependence of War and Technology from Ancient Rome to the Age of Drones 260 (G. Dworok & F. Jacob eds., 2016).
Frank A. Pasquale, Bittersweet Mysteries of Machine Learning (A Provocation), LSE Media Pol’y Project (Feb. 5, 2016), https://declara.com/collection/null/post/7a1b0815-494a-4987-8d80-677793f4f299.
Frank A. Pasquale, The Emerging Law of Algorithms, Robots, and Predictive Analytics, Concurring Opinions (Feb. 9, 2016), http://concurringopinions.com/archives/2016/02/the-emerging-law-of-algorithms-robots-and-predictive-analytics.html.
נתי פרל, עלותן של החלטות דטרמיניסטיות המתקבלות על ידי רובוטים אוטונומיים (מאמר הוגש במסגרת סמינר מחקר) מרכז מינרבה לשלטון החוק במצבי קיצון, אוניברסיטת חיפה (2014).
Rodger A. Pettitt et al., Scalability of Robotic Controllers: Effects of Progressive Levels of Autonomy on Robotic Reconnaissance Tasks (2010).
Eric Pomes, Preventive Ban Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems True False Good Idea (Social Science Research Network Working Paper Series, 2014).
Peter B. Postma, Regulating Legal Autonomous Robots in Unconventional Warfare, 11 University of St. Thomas L.J. 300 (2013).
Jody M. Prescott, Autonomous Decision Making Processes and the Cyber Commander, in 5th International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CYCON 2013): Tallinn, Estonia, 4-7 June 2013 391 (Karlis Podins ed., IEEE 2013).
Jody M. Prescott, Building the Ethical Cyber Commander and the Law of Armed Conflict, 40 Rutgers Computer & Tech. L.J. 42 (2014).
Jody M. Prescott, The Law of Armed Conflict and the Responsible Cyber Commander, 38 Vt. L. Rev. 103 (2013).
Duncan Purves et al., Autonomous Machines, Moral Judgment, and Acting for the Right Reasons, 18 Ethical Theory & Moral Prac. 851 (2015).
Werner Rammert, Where the Action is: Distributed Agency between Humans, Machines, and Programs (The Technical University Technology Studies Working Papers, 2008).
Brian Rappert et al., The Roles of Civil Society in the Development of Standards around New Weapons and Other Technologies of Warfare, 94 Int’l Rev. Red Cross 765 (2012).
Shane R. Reeve & Dave Wallace, Modern Weapons and the Law of Armed Conflict, in U.S. Military Operations: Law, Policy, and Practice 41 (Geoffrey S. Corn et al. eds., 2016).
Shane R. Reeves & William J. Johnson, Autonomous Weapons: Are You Sure Those Are Killer Robots? Can We Talk about It?, 2014 Army Law. 25 (2014).
Nathan Reitinger, Algorithmic Choice and Superior Responsibility: Closing the Gap between Liability and Lethal Autonomy by Defining the Line between Actors and Tools, 51 Gonz. L. Rev. 79 (2015).
Daphné Richemond-Barak & Ayal Feinberg, The Irony of the Iron Dome: Intelligent Defense Systems, Law, and Security, 7 Harv. Nat’l Sec. J. 469 (2016).
Michael L. Rich, Machine Learning, Automated Suspicion Algorithms, and the Fourth Amendment, 164 U. Pa. L. Rev. 871 (2015).
Michael Kurt Riepl, War crimes without criminal accountability? The case of Active Protection Systems, ICRC Humanitarian Law & Policy (Jun. 1, 2016), http://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2016/06/01/war-crimes-without-criminal-accountability-case-active-protection-systems/.
Shane Riza, Killing without Heart: Limits on Robotic Warfare in an Age of Persistent Conflict (2013).
Heather Roff, To Ban or Regulate Autonomous Weapons: A US Response, 72 Bull. Atomic Sci. 122 (2016).
Heather M. Roff, Autonomous Weapons: Risk, Foreseeability and Choice, Address at the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Conference on Understanding Different Types of Risk (2016).
Heather M. Roff, Cybersecurity, Artificial Intelligence, and Autonomous Weapons: Critical Intersections (2015).
Heather M. Roff, Gendering a Warbot: Gender, Sex and the Implications for the Future of War, 18 Int’l Feminist J. Pol. 1 (2016).
Heather M. Roff, Killing in War: Responsibility, Liability, and Lethal Autonomous Robots, in Routledge Handbook of the Law of Armed Conflict (Rain Liivoja & Timothy L. H. McCormack eds., 2016).
Heather M. Roff, The Strategic Robot Problem: Lethal Autonomous Weapons in War, 13 J. Mil. Ethics 211 (2014).
Ann Rogers & John Hill, Unmanned: Drone Warfare and Global Security (2014).
Jay Logan Rogers, Legal Judgment Day for the Rise of the Machines: A National Approach to Regulating Fully Autonomous Weapons, 56 Ariz. L. Rev. 1257 (2014).
Mark Roorda, NATO’s Targeting Process: Ensuring Human Control Over and Lawful Use of Autonomous Weapons, in Autonomous systems: Issues for defence policymakers (Andrew P Williams & Paul D Scharre eds., 2015).
Frederik Rosén, Extremely Stealthy and Incredibly Close: Drones, Control and Legal Responsibility, 19 J. Conflict & Sec. L. 113 (2014).
Lambèr Royakkers & Rinie van Est, A Literature Review on New Robotics: Automation from Love to War, 7 Int’l J. Soc. Robotics 549 (2015).
Lambèr Royakkers & Peter Olsthoorn, Military Robots and the Question of Responsibility, 5 Int’l J. Technoethics 1 (2014).
Charles T. Rubin, Artificial Intelligence and Human Nature, 1 The New Atlantis 88 (2003).
Simon Rushton & Maria Kett, Killing Machines, 29 Med. Conflict & Survival 165 (2013).
Stuart Russell et al., Research Priorities for Robust and Beneficial Artificial Intelligence, 36 AI Mag. 105 (2015).
Rutgers CTLJ, Forty-Seventh Selected Bibliography on Computers, Technology, and the Law Bibliography, 42 Rutgers Computer & Tech. L.J. 331 (2016).
Kaitlin J. Sahni, The Legality of Invisibility Technology in Modern Warfare, 103 Geo. L.J. 1661 (2014).
Paulo E. Santos, To Ban or Regulate Autonomous Weapons: A Brazilian Response, 72 Bull. Atomic Sci. 117 (2016).
Marco Sassoli, Autonomous Weapons and International Humanitarian Law: Advantages, Open Technical Questions and Legal Issues to Be Clarified, 90 Int’l L. Stud. 308 (2014).
Sauer & N. Schornig, Killer Drones: The “Silver Bullet” of Democratic Warfare?, 43 Sec. Dialogue 363 (2012).
Dan Saxon, A Human Touch: Autonomous Weapons, Directive 3000.09, and the Appropriate Levels of Human Judgment over the Use of Force, 15 Geo. J. Int’l Aff. 100 (2014).
Dan Saxon, Autonomous Drones and Individual Criminal Responsibility, in Drones and Responsibility: Legal, Philosophical and Socio-Technical Perspectives on Remotely Controlled Weapons 17 (Ezio Di Nucci & Filippo Santoni de Sio eds., 2016).
Enrique Schaerer et al., Robots as Animals: A Framework for Liability and Responsibility in Human-Robot Interactions, in The 18th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication 72 (2009).
Paul D. Scharre, Flash War: Autonomous Weapons and Strategic Stability, Address at the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Conference on Understanding Different Types of Risk (2016).
Paul Scharre & Michael Horowitz, An Introduction to Autonomy in Weapon Systems, Project on Ethical Autonomy Working Paper (Center for A New American Security (CNAS)), Feb. 2015.
Paul Scharre & Michael Horowitz, Meaningful Human Control in Weapon Systems: A Primer, (Center for A New American Security Working Paper, Mar. 2015).
Matthew U. Scherer, Regulating Artificial Intelligence Systems: Risks, Challenges, Competencies, and Strategies, 29 Harv. J.L. & Tech. 1 (2016).
Michael N. Schmitt, Autonomous Weapon Systems and International Humanitarian Law: A Reply to the Critics, Harv. Nat’l Sec. J. 1 (Online Features, 2013).
Michael N. Schmitt, Rewired Warfare: Rethinking the Law of Cyber Attack, 96 Int’l Rev. Red Cross 189 (2014).
Michael N. Schmitt, The Notion of “Objects” during Cyber Operations: A Riposte in Defence of Interpretive and Applicative Precision, 48 Isr. L. Rev. 81 (2015).
Michael N. Schmitt, War, Technology and the Law of Armed Conflict, 82 Int’l L. Stud. 137 (2006).
Michael N. Schmitt & Jeffrey S. Thurnher, Out of the Loop: Autonomous Weapon Systems and the Law of Armed Conflict, 4 Harv. Nat’l Sec. J. 231 (2013).
Michael N. Schmitt & Sean Watts, State Opinio Juris and International Humanitarian Law Pluralism, 91 Int’l L. Stud. 171 (2015).
Michael N. Schmitt & Sean Watts, The Decline of International Humanitarian Law Opinio Juris and the Law of Cyber Warfare, 50 Tex. Int’l L.J. 189 (2015).
Michael N. Schmitt & Eric W. Widmar, On Target: Precision and Balance in the Contemporary Law of Targeting, 7 J. Nat’l Sec. L. & Pol’y 379 (2014).
Schörnig, Robot Warriors: Why the Western Investment Into Military Robots Might Backfire (Peace Research Institute Frankfurt 2010).
Marcus Schulzke, Autonomous Weapons and Distributed Responsibility, 26 Phil. & Tech. 203 (2013).
Marcus Schulzke, Robots as Weapons in Just Wars, 24 Phil. & Tech. 293 (2011).
Susan Schuppli, Deadly Algorithms, 187 Radical Phil. 2 (2014).
David Schuster et al., The Impact of Type and Level of Automation on Situation Awareness and Performance in Human-Robot Interaction, 8019 Engineering Psychol. & Cognitive Ergonomics 252 (Springer 2013).
Brittany C. Sellers et al., The Effects of Autonomy and Cognitive Abilities on Workload and Supervisory Control of Unmanned Systems, 56 Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 1039 (2012).
Noel Sharkey, Cassandra or False Prophet of Doom: AI Robots and War, 23 IEEE Intelligent Systems 14 (2008).
Noel Sharkey, Automated Killers and the Computing Profession, 40 Computer 124 (2007).
Noel Sharkey, Death Strikes from the Sky: The Calculus of Proportionality, 28 IEEE Tech. & Soc’y Mag. 16 (2009).
Noel Sharkey, Robotics Today: The Good, Bad, and Ugly, 15th Annual IEEE International Conference and Workshop on the Engineering of Computer Based Systems 3 (Mar. 2008).
Noel Sharkey, Saying “No!” to Lethal Autonomous Targeting, 9 J. Mil. Ethics 369 (2010).
Noel Sharkey, The Robot Arm of the Law Grows Longer, 42 Computer 113 (2009).
Noel E. Sharkey, The Evitability of Autonomous Robot Warfare, 94 Int’l Rev. Red Cross 787 (2012).
Noel Sharkey & Lucy Suchman, Wishful Mnemonics and Autonomous Killing Machines, 136 Proceedings of the AISB 14 (May 2013).
Ian Shaw, The Future of Killer Robots: Are We Really Losing Humanity?, E-International Relations (Dec. 11, 2012) http://www.e-ir.info/2012/12/11/the-future-of-killer-robots-are-we-really-losing-humanity/.
Thomas W. Simpson, Robots, Trust and War, 24 Phil. & Tech. 325 (2011).
גבי סיבוני & יוני אשפר, דילמות בהפעלת אמצעי לחימה אוטונומיים, עדכן אסטרטגי 16(4) (המכון למחקרי ביטחון לאומי, 2014).
Interview with Peter W. Singer, 94 Int’l Rev. Red Cross 467 (2012).
Peter W. Singer, Military Robots and the Laws of War, 23 The New Atlantis 25 (2009).
Peter W. Singer & August Cole, Humans Can’t Escape Killer Robots, but Humans Can Be Held Accountable for Them, VICE News (Apr. 15, 2016), https://news.vice.com/article/killer-robots-autonomous-weapons-systems-and-accountability.
P.W. Singer, Robots at War: The New Battlefield, 33 The Wilson Q. 30 (2009).
P.W. Singer, Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the Twenty-first Century (2009).
Bryant W. Smith, Lawyers and Engineers Should Speak the Same Robot Language, in Robot law (Ryan Calo et al. eds., 2016).
Robert Sparrow, Building a Better WarBot: Ethical Issues in the Design of Unmanned Systems for Military Applications, 15 Sci. & Engineering Ethics 169 (2009).
Robert Sparrow, Killer Robots, 24 Applied Phil. 62 (2007).
Robert Sparrow, Predators or Plowshares? Arms Control of Robotic Weapons, 28 IEEE Tech. & Soc’y Mag. 25 (2009).
Robert Sparrow, Robots and Respect: Assessing the Case Against Autonomous Weapon Systems, 30 Ethics & Int’l Aff. 93 (2016).
Robert Sparrow, Twenty Seconds to Comply: Autonomous Weapons Systems and the Recognition of Surrender, 91 Int’l L. Stud. 699 (2015).
Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, Interim Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, U.N. Doc. A/65/321 (Aug. 23, 2010).
Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/23/47 (Apr. 9, 2013).
Christopher J. Spinelli, The Rise of Robots: The Military’s Use of Autonomous Lethal Force (Feb. 17, 2015) (unpublished thesis, Air War College, Air University).
Phillip Spoerri, International Humanitarian Law and New Weapon Technologies 34th Round Table on Current Issues of International Humanitarian Law, San Remo, 8–10 September 2011, 94 Int’l Rev. Red Cross 814 (2012).
Bernd Carsten Stahl, Responsible Computers? A Case for Ascribing Quasi-Responsibility to Computers Independent of Personhood or Agency, 8 Ethics & Info. Tech. 205 (2006).
Darren M. Stewart, New Technology and the Law of Armed Conflict: Technological Meteorites and Legal Dinosaurs?, 87 Int’l L. Stud. 271 (2011).
Jeremy Straub, Consideration of the Use of Autonomous, Non-Recallable Unmanned Vehicles and Programs as a Deterrent or Threat by State Actors and Others, 44 Tech. in Soc’y 39 (2016).
Killing by Remote Control: The Ethics of an Unmanned Military (Bradley Jay Strawser ed., 2013).
Bradley Jay Strawser, Moral Predators: The Duty to Employ Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles, 9 Journal of Military Ethics 342 (2010).
John P. Sullins, RoboWarfare: Can Robots Be More Ethical than Humans on the Battlefield?, 12 Ethics & Info. Tech. 263 (2010).
Dan Terzian, The Right to Bear (Robotic) Arms, 117 Penn St. L. Rev. 755 (2012).
Eno Thereska et al., Towards Self-Predicting Systems: What If You Could Ask “what-If”?, 21 The Knowledge Engineering Rev. 261 (2006).
Bradan T. Thomas, Autonomous Weapon Systems: The Anatomy of Autonomy and the Legality of Lethality, 37 Hous. J. Int’l L. 235 (2015).
Jeffrey S. Thurnher, Examining Autonomous Weapon Systems from a Law of Armed Conflict Perspective, in New Technologies and the Law of Armed Conflict 213 (Hitoshi Nasu ed., 2014).
Jeffrey S. Thurnher, Means and Methods of the Future: Autonomous Systems, in Targeting: The Challenges of Modern Warfare 177 (Paul A.L. Ducheine et al. eds., 2016).
Jeffrey S. Thurnher, No One at the Controls: Legal Implications of Fully Autonomous Targeting, 67 Joint Force Quarterly 77 (2012).
Jeffrey S. Thurnher, The Law That Applies to Autonomous Weapon Systems, 17 ASIL Insights 4 (2013).
Remus Titiriga, Autonomy of Military Robots: Assessing the Technical and Legal (Jus In Bello) Thresholds, 32 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 57 (2015).
Ryan Tonkens, A Challenge for Machine Ethics, 19 Minds & Machines 421 (2009).
Ryan Tonkens, Out of Character: On the Creation of Virtuous Machines, 14 Ethics & Info. Tech. 137 (2012).
Ryan Tonkens, Should Autonomous Robots Be Pacifists?, 15 Ethics & Info. Tech. 109 (2013).
Ryan Tonkens, The Case Against Robotic Warfare: A Response to Arkin, 11 J. Mil. Ethics 149 (2012).
Christopher P. Toscano, Friend of Humans: An Argument for Developing Autonomous Weapons Systems, 8 J. Nat’l Sec. L. & Pol’y 189 (2015).
Armed Forces: Autonomous Weapon Systems – Question in the House of Lords, They Work For You (Mar. 26, 2013), http://www.theyworkforyou.com/lords/?id=2013-03-26a.958.0 (concerning 744 Parl. Deb., H.L. (5th ser.) (2013) 958 (U.K.)).
U.K. Ministry of Defence, The UK Approach to Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS), Joint Doctrine Note 2/11, Mar. 30, 2011.
The United Kingdom and Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (Article 36, Background Paper Apr. 8, 2016).
Appendix I: Status of Multilateral Arms Regulation and Disarmament Agreements, in The United Nations Disarmament Yearbook: Volume 39: 2014: Disarmament Resolutions and Decisions of the Sixty-ninth Session of the United Nations General Assembly, Part II, U.N. Sales No. E.15.IX.4.
Framing Discussions on the Weaponization of Increasingly Autonomous Technologies, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (Observation Paper 1, 2014).
The Weaponization of Increasingly Autonomous Technologies: Considering Ethics and Social Values, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (Observation Paper 3, 2015).
The Weaponization of Increasingly Autonomous Technologies: Considering How Meaningful Human Control Might Move the Discussion Forward, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (Observation Paper 2, 2014).
The Weaponization of Increasingly Autonomous Technologies in the Maritime Environment: Testing the Waters, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (Observation Paper 4, 2015).
United States Air Force Unmanned Aircraft Systems Flight Plan 2009–2047 (May 18, 2009.
Army Capabilities Integration Center, Robotics Strategy White Paper (Mar. 19, 2009).
U.S. Department of Defense, Department of Defense Directive 3000.09, Autonomy in Weapons Systems (Nov. 21, 2012).
U.S. Department of Defense, Unmanned Systems Integrated Roadmap, FY2013–38 (2013).
U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Science Board, Task Force Report: The Role of Autonomy in DoD Systems (July 2012).
Shannon Vallor, Moral Deskilling and Upskilling in a New Machine Age: Reflections on the Ambiguous Future of Character, 28 Phil. & Tech. 107 (2015).
Shannon Vallor, The Future of Military Virtue: Autonomous Systems and the Moral Deskilling of the Military, 5th International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CYCON 2013) (Jun. 4, 2013).
Kerstin Vignard, Statement of the UN Institute for Disarmament Research, Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Conference on Understanding Different Types of Risk (Apr. 12, 2016).
Vik Kanwar, Post-Human Humanitarian Law: The Law of War in the Age of Robotic Weapons, 2 Harv. Nat’l Sec. J. 616 (2011).
Ryan J. Vogel, Drone Warfare and the Law of Armed Conflict, 39 Denv. J. Int’l L. & Pol’y 101 (2010).
Markus Wagner, Autonomous Weapon Systems, in Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (2016).
Markus Wagner, Autonomy in the Battlespace: Independently Operating Weapon Systems and the Law of Armed Conflict, in International Humanitarian Law and the Changing Technology of War 99 (Dan Saxon ed., 2013).
Markus Wagner, Taking Humans Out of the Loop: Implications for International Humanitarian Law, 21 J. L. Info. & Sci. (2011).
Markus Wagner, The Dehumanization of International Humanitarian Law: Legal, Ethical, and Political Implications of Autonomous Weapon Systems, 47 Vand. J. Transnat’l L. 1371 (2014).
Wendell Wallach, Mapping a Way Forward, Address at the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) Meeting of Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems, Conference on Understanding Different Types of Risk (2016).
Wendell Wallach & Colin Allen, Framing Robot Arms Control, 15 Ethics & Info. Tech. 125 (2013).
James Igoe Walsh, Political Accountability and Autonomous Weapons, 2 Res. & Pol. (2015).
Sean Watts, Regulation-Tolerant Weapons, Regulation-Resistant Weapons and the Law of War, 91 Int’l L. Stud. 541 (2015).
John Frank Weaver, Abhor a Vacuum: The Status of Artificial Intelligence and AI Drones Under International Law, 54 N.H. Bar J. 14 (2013).
John Frank Weaver, Robots Are People Too: How Siri, Google Car, and Artificial Intelligence Will Force Us to Change Our Laws (2014).
Michael Webb, The Robots Are Here! The Robots Are Here!, 121 Design Q. 4 (1983).
Nathalie Weizmann, Autonomous Weapon Systems under International Law Academy (Geneva Academy Briefing No. 8, Nov. 2014.
Stephen E. White, Brave New World: Neurowarfare and the Limits of International Humanitarian Law, 41 Cornell Int’l L.J. 177 (2008).
Autonomous Systems: Issues for Defence Policymakers (Andrew P. Williams & Paul D. Scharre eds., 2015).
Benjamin Wittes, Does Human Rights Watch Prefer Disproportionate and Indiscriminate Humans to Discriminating and Proportionate Robots?, Lawfare (Dec. 1, 2012), https://www.lawfareblog.com/does-human-rights-watch-prefer-disproportionate-and-indiscriminate-humans-discriminating-and.
Benjamin Wittes and Gabriella Blum, The Future of Violence: Robots and Germs, Hackers and Drones—Confronting A New Age of Threat (2015).
Robert O. Work & Shawn Brimley, 20YY: Preparing for War in the Robotic Age (Center for a New American Security 2014).
杨丹丹、李伯军著：《论自主机器人上战场的法律问题》，载《西安政治学院学报》第25卷第4期，2012年8月，第118-121页
Tung Yin, Game of Drones: Defending against Drone Terrorism, 2 Tex. A&M L. Rev. 635 (2014).
Jakub Zlotowski et al., Anthropomorphism: Opportunities and Challenges in Human–Robot Interaction, 7 Int’l J. Soc. Robotics 347 (2015).