Relations between Humanitarian Action and Restrictive Measures

• Dustin A. Lewis, Radhika Kapoor, and Naz K. Modirzadeh, Resolution 2664 (2022) and Counterterrorism Measures: An Analytical Frame for States, Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, March 2024.

• Radhika Kapoor, Dustin A. Lewis, and Naz K. Modirzadeh, An Interpretive Note for U.N. Member States on Security Council Resolution 2664 (2022), Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, March 2023.

• Dustin A. Lewis and Naz Modirzadeh, The U.N. Security Council Adopts a Standing Humanitarian “Carve-out,” Lawfare, December 13, 2022.

• Dustin A. Lewis, Radhika Kapoor, and Naz K. Modirzadeh, Advancing Humanitarian Commitments in Connection with Countering Terrorism: Exploring a Foundational Reframing concerning the Security Council, Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, December 2021.

• Naz K. Modirzadeh and Dustin A. Lewis, Humanitarian values in a counterterrorism era, 103 International Review of the Red Cross 403 (2021).

• Dustin A. Lewis and Naz K. Modirzadeh, Taking into Account the Potential Effects of Counterterrorism Measures on Humanitarian and Medical Activities: Elements of an Analytical Framework for States Grounded in Respect for International Law, HLS PILAC (May 2021).

• Dustin A. Lewis, Naz K. Modirzadeh, and Jessica S. Burniske, The Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate and International Humanitarian Law: Preliminary Considerations for States, Legal Briefing, HLS PILAC, March 2020.

• Dustin A. Lewis and Naz K. Modirzadeh, Counterterrorism and Humanitarian Action: Will 2020 Be a Turning Point for International Humanitarian Law at the United Nations?, Lawfare, March 31, 2020.

• Naz K. Modirzadeh, Safeguarding Principled Humanitarian Action in Counter-terrorism Contexts, Remarks to the U.N. Security Council, Briefing on the Promotion and Strengthening of the Rule of Law in the Maintenance of International Peace and Security: International Humanitarian Law, 8499th Meeting, April 1, 2019, United Nations Headquarters, New York, U.N. doc. S/PV.8499, pp. 6–7.

• Dustin A. Lewis, “Criminalization” of Humanitarian Action under Counterterrorism Frameworks: Key Elements and Concerns, 112 American Society of International Law Proceedings 268 (2018).

• Dustin A. Lewis, Floor, Sword, Compass, Shield: Evaluating the Contribution of the 1977 Additional Protocols to the Respect of Medical Activities in Line with Medical Ethics, 48 Proceedings of the Bruges Colloquium 37–48 (2018).

• Dustin A. Lewis, Humanitarian Exemptions from Counter-terrorism Measures: A Brief Introduction, 47 Proceedings of the Bruges Colloquium 141 (2017).

• Jessica S. Burniske and Naz K. Modirzadeh, Pilot Empirical Survey Study on the Impact of Counterterrorism Measures on Humanitarian Action, HLS PILAC, March 2017.

  Naz K. Modirzadeh, Comment on the Pilot Empirical Survey Study on the Impact of Counterterrorism Measures on Humanitarian Action, HLS PILAC, March 2017.

• Katie King with Naz K. Modirzadeh and Dustin A. Lewis, Understanding Humanitarian Exemptions: U.N. Security Council Practice and Principled Humanitarian Action, Working Group Briefing Memorandum, Counterterrorism and Humanitarian Engagement Project, April 2016

• Jessica Burniske and Dustin A. Lewis, with Naz K. Modirzadeh, Suppressing Foreign Terrorist Fighters and Supporting Principled Humanitarian Action: A Provisional Framework for Analyzing State Practice, HLS PILAC, October 2015. See also related PHAP online briefing.

• Dustin A. Lewis, Naz K. Modirzadeh, and Gabriella Blum, Medical Care in Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law and State Responses to Terrorism, HLS PILAC, September 2015. See also related Lawfare post; Lawfare podcast; Bill of Health Blog post; and PHAP Online Expert IHL Briefing.

• International Counterterrorism Efforts: An Initial Mapping, Online Compendium (Dustin A. Lewis ed., February 2015).

• Jessica Burniske, with Naz Modirzadeh and Dustin Lewis, Counter-terrorism laws and regulations: what aid agencies need to know, Humanitarian Practice Network Paper, Overseas Development Institute, No. 79, November 2014. See also the related launch event.

• Counterterrorism and Humanitarian Engagement Project, An Analysis of Contemporary Counterterrorism-related Clauses in Humanitarian Grant and Partnership Agreement Contracts, Research and Policy Paper, May 2014.

• Counterterrorism and Humanitarian Engagement Project, An Analysis of Contemporary Anti-Diversion Policies and Practices of Humanitarian Organizations, Research and Policy Paper, May 2014.

• Neal Cohen, Robert Hasty, and Ashley Winton, Implications of the USAID Partner Vetting System and State Department Risk Analysis and Management System under European Union and United Kingdom Data Protection and Privacy Law, Counterterrorism and Humanitarian Engagement Project, Research and Policy Paper, March 2014.

• Counterterrorism and Humanitarian Engagement Project, Partner Vetting in Humanitarian Assistance: An Overview of Pilot USAID and State Department Programs, Research and Policy Paper, November 2013.

• Counterterrorism and Humanitarian Engagement Project, Counterterrorism and Humanitarian Engagement in Somalia and Mali, Research and Policy Paper, March 2013.

• Counterterrorism and Humanitarian Engagement Project, Enterprise Risk Management: A New Approach to Managing the Risks Posed by Counterterrorism Regulations, Research and Policy Paper, March 2013.

• Counterterrorism and Humanitarian Engagement Project, Congressional Inquiries, Background Briefing, March 2013.

• Counterterrorism and Humanitarian Engagement Project, OFAC Licensing, Background Briefing, March 2013.

Use of Force in International Relations

• Naz K. Modirzadeh and Pablo Arrocha Olabuenaga, A conversation between Pablo Arrocha Olabuenaga and Naz Khatoon Modirzadeh on the origins, objectives, and context of the 24 February 2021 ‘Arria-formula’ meeting convened by Mexico, Journal on the Use of Force and International Law (2021).

• Dustin A. Lewis, Naz K. Modirzadeh, and Gabriella Blum, Quantum of Silence: Inaction and Jus ad Bellum, HLS PILAC, 2019. See a related blog entry cross-posted on Lawfare and EJIL: Talk!.

• Annex — HLS PILAC Catalogue of Communications to the Security Council of Measures Taken by United Nations Member States in Purported Exercise of the Right of Self-Defense: October 24, 1945 through December 31, 2018 (Dustin A. Lewis editor, version 1.0, 2019), HLS PILAC. Contributors: Lindsay Anne Bailey, Emma Broches, Laura Clark, Sonia Chakrabarty, Thejasa Jayachandran, Daniel Levine-Spound, Sarah Libowsky, Samantha Lint, Yang Liu, Carolina Silva-Portero, Shira Shamir, William Ossoff, Tamsin Parzen, and Shanelle Van.

• Database of States’ Statements (August 2011–October 2016) concerning Use of Force in relation to Syria (Dustin A. Lewis editor, May 2017), HLS PILAC. See also related Lawfare post.

Artificial Intelligence, Autonomous Weapons, and Cyber Operations

• Dustin A. Lewis, On “Responsible A.I.” in War: Exploring Preconditions for Respecting International Law in Armed Conflict, in The Cambridge Handbook of Responsible Artificial Intelligence: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (Silja Voeneky, Philipp Kellmeyer, Oliver Mueller, and Wolfram Burgard eds., Cambridge University Press, 2022).

• Dustin A. Lewis, A Key Set of IHL Questions concerning AI-supported Decision-making, 51 Collegium (Proceedings of the Bruges Colloquium) 80 (Autumn 2021).

• Dustin A. Lewis, Preconditions for Applying International Law to Autonomous Cyber Capabilities, in Autonomous Cyber Capabilities under International Law 106–124 (Rain Liivoja Ann Väljataga eds., NATO CCDCOE 2021).

• Dustin A. Lewis, Three Pathways to Secure Greater Respect for International Law concerning War Algorithms, Legal Commentary, HLS PILAC (2020).

• A Compilation of Materials Apparently Reflective of States’ Views on International Legal Issues pertaining to the Use of Algorithmic and Data-reliant Socio-technical Systems in Armed Conflict (Editor: Dustin A. Lewis; Contributors: Sonia Chakrabarty, Minqian Lucy Chen, Edi Ebiefung, Zach Grouev, Rachael Hanna, Simon Gregory Jerome, Charles Orta, Will Ossoff, Vera Piovesan, Sam Rebo, Lilianna (Anna) Rembar, Ricardo Cruzat Reyes, Juan Rivera Rugeles, Carolina Silva-Portero, and Delany Sisiruca), Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (December 2020).

• Dustin A. Lewis, International legal regulation of the employment of artificial-intelligence-related technologies in armed conflict, Moscow Journal of International Law No. 2, pp. 53–64 (2020).

  Dustin A. Lewis, An Enduring Impasse on Autonomous Weapons, Just Security (Sept. 28, 2020).

• Dustin A. Lewis, AI and Machine Learning Symposium: Why Detention, Humanitarian Services, Maritime Systems, and Legal Advice Merit Greater Attention, Opinio Juris, April 28, 2020.

• Dustin A. Lewis, Legal reviews of weapons, means and methods of warfare involving artificial intelligence: 16 elements to consider, Humanitarian Law and Policy Blog, March 21, 2019.

• Dustin A. Lewis, Naz K. Modirzadeh, and Gabriella Blum, The Pentagon’s New Algorithmic-Warfare Team, Lawfare, June 26, 2017.

• Dustin A. Lewis, Gabriella Blum, and Naz K. Modirzadeh, War-Algorithm Accountability, HLS PILAC, August 2016. See also related Lawfare post and PHAP Expert Briefing question-and-answer.

The U.N. Security Council

• Radhika Kapoor, A Primer on Subsidiary Bodies of Sanctions Committees Established by the U.N. Security Council, Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict UNSC Primer Series, November 2024.

• Quentin MacClean Levin, A Primer on Articles 43–47 of the U.N. Charter: Contribution of Forces for Collective Security, Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict UNSC Primer Series, November 2024.

• Taha Wiheba, A Primer on the Relationship between the Security Council and the International Court of Justice, Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict UNSC Primer Series, November 2024.

• Dustin A. Lewis, Radhika Kapoor, and Naz K. Modirzadeh, Resolution 2664 (2022) and Counterterrorism Measures: An Analytical Frame for States, Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, March 2024.

• HLS PILAC Catalogue of Practice of the U.N. Security Council Concerning the Environment, 1945–2021, With an Accompanying Finding Aid (Editors: Radhika Kapoor and Dustin A. Lewis), HLS PILAC, April 2023.

• Radhika Kapoor, Dustin A. Lewis, and Naz K. Modirzadeh, An Interpretive Note for U.N. Member States on Security Council Resolution 2664 (2022), Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, March 2023.

• Dustin A. Lewis, Radhika Kapoor, and Naz K. Modirzadeh, Advancing Humanitarian Commitments in Connection with Countering Terrorism: Exploring a Foundational Reframing concerning the Security Council, Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, December 2021.

• Naz K. Modirzadeh and Pablo Arrocha Olabuenaga, A conversation between Pablo Arrocha Olabuenaga and Naz Khatoon Modirzadeh on the origins, objectives, and context of the 24 February 2021 ‘Arria-formula’ meeting convened by Mexico, Journal on the Use of Force and International Law (2021).

• Dustin A. Lewis and Naz K. Modirzadeh, Taking into Account the Potential Effects of Counterterrorism Measures on Humanitarian and Medical Activities: Elements of an Analytical Framework for States Grounded in Respect for International Law, HLS PILAC (May 2021).

• Will Ossoff, Naz K. Modirzadeh, and Dustin A. Lewis, Preparing for a Twenty-Four-Month Sprint: A Primer for Prospective and New Elected Members of the United Nations Security Council, HLS PILAC (December 2020).

• Dustin A. Lewis, Naz K. Modirzadeh, and Jessica S. Burniske, The Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate and International Humanitarian Law: Preliminary Considerations for States, Legal Briefing, HLS PILAC, March 2020. See a related blog entry on Lawfare.

• Dustin A. Lewis, Naz K. Modirzadeh, and Gabriella Blum, Quantum of Silence: Inaction and Jus ad Bellum, HLS PILAC, 2019. See a related blog entry cross-posted on Lawfare and EJIL: Talk!.

• Annex — HLS PILAC Catalogue of Communications to the Security Council of Measures Taken by United Nations Member States in Purported Exercise of the Right of Self-Defense: October 24, 1945 through December 31, 2018 (Dustin A. Lewis editor, version 1.0, 2019), HLS PILAC. Contributors: Lindsay Anne Bailey, Emma Broches, Laura Clark, Sonia Chakrabarty, Thejasa Jayachandran, Daniel Levine-Spound, Sarah Libowsky, Samantha Lint, Yang Liu, Carolina Silva-Portero, Shira Shamir, William Ossoff, Tamsin Parzen, and Shanelle Van.

• Jessica S. Burniske with Naz K. Modirzadeh and Dustin A. Lewis, Armed Non-State Actors and International Human Rights Law: An Analysis of the Practice of the U.N. Security Council and U.N. General Assembly, HLS PILAC, June 2017.

The Environment

• HLS PILAC Catalogue of Practice of the U.N. Security Council Concerning the Environment, 1945–2021, With an Accompanying Finding Aid (Editors: Radhika Kapoor and Dustin A. Lewis), HLS PILAC, April 2023.

The End of an Armed Conflict Under International Law

• Dustin A. Lewis, “The End of an Armed Conflict under International Law,” Codification Division of the United Nations Office of Legal Affairs, U.N. Audiovisual Library of International Law, lecture (Dec. 12, 2022) (audio-only version available on Spotify).

• Dustin A. Lewis, The notion of ‘protracted armed conflict’ in the Rome Statute and the termination of armed conflicts under international law: An analysis of select issues, 101 International Review of the Red Cross 1091 (2020).

• Dustin A. Lewis, Gabriella Blum, and Naz K. Modirzadeh, Indefinite War: Unsettled International Law on the End of Armed Conflict, HLS PILAC, February 2017. See also related Lawfare post.

Impartial Medical Care

• Ginette Petitpas Taylor, Ildefonso Castro, Christiaan Rebergen, Matthew Rycroft, Iman Nuwayhid, Leonard Rubenstein, Ahmad Tarakji, Naz Modirzadeh, Homer Venters, and Samer Jabbour, Protecting health care in armed conflict: action towards accountability, 391 The Lancet 1477 (April 14, 2018).

• Dustin A. Lewis, Floor, Sword, Compass, Shield: Evaluating the Contribution of the 1977 Additional Protocols to the Respect of Medical Activities in Line with Medical Ethics, 48 Proceedings of the Bruges Colloquium 37–48 (2018).

• Dustin A. Lewis, Naz K. Modirzadeh, and Gabriella Blum, Medical Care in Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law and State Responses to Terrorism, HLS PILAC, September 2015. See also related Lawfare post; Lawfare podcast; Bill of Health Blog post; and PHAP Online Expert IHL Briefing.

Case-Study Simulation Exercises

Partnered Warfare

• Dustin A. Lewis, Naz K. Modirzadeh, C. Danae Paterson, and Lisa Brem, Civilian Protection in Partnered Conflicts: Case-Study Simulation Exercise, October 2018, HLS PILAC in collaboration with the HLS Case Studies Program.

Somalia in Crisis

• Naz K. Modirzadeh, Dustin A. Lewis, and Molly R. Gray, with Lisa Brem, Somalia in Crisis: Famine, Counterterrorism, and Humanitarian Aid: Case-Study Exercises, February 2015, HLS PILAC in collaboration with the Harvard Law School Case Studies Program:

  • “Somalia in Crisis: Famine, Counterterrorism, and Humanitarian Aid,” Harvard Law School Case Studies Program

    • Part A: General Background Document

    • Part B1: The National Security Council Dilemma

    • Part B2: The NGO General Counsel Dilemma

International Human Rights

• Jessica S. Burniske with Naz K. Modirzadeh and Dustin A. Lewis, Armed Non-State Actors and International Human Rights Law: An Analysis of the Practice of the U.N. Security Council and U.N. General Assembly, HLS PILAC, June 2017.

Detention

• International Committee of the Red Cross, Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, and Stockton Center for the Study of International Law, U.S. Naval War College, The Future of U.S. Detention under International Law: Workshop Report, 93 International Law Studies 272 (2017).

Siege

• Sean Watts, Under Siege: International Humanitarian Law and Security Council Practice concerning Urban Siege Operations, Counterterrorism and Humanitarian Engagement Project, Research and Policy Paper, May 2014.